Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Secondary education

Mastering Irregular Verbs

LOREM IPSUM

be.was.been.ser.estar.beat.beat.beaten.golpear.become.became.become.llegaraser.begin.began.begun.empezar.bend.bent.bent.doblar.bet.apostar.bite.bit.bitten.morder.bleed.bled.bled.sangrar.blow.blew.blown.soplar.break.broke.broken.romper.bring.brought.brought.traer.build.built.built.construir.burn.burnt.burnt.quemar.buy.bought.bought.comprar.catch.caught.caught.coger.choose.chose.chosen.elegir.come.came.come.venir.cost.cost.cost.gastar.cut.cut.cut.cortar.dig.dug.dug.cavar.do.did.done.hacer.draw.drew.drawn.dibujar.dream.dreamt.dreamt.soñar.drink.drank.drunk.beber.drive.drove.driven.conducir.eat.ate.eaten.comer.fall.fell.fallen.caer.feed.fed.fed.alimentar.feel.felt.felt.sentir.fight.fought.fought.luchar.find.

Model Code of Conduct

In addition to the laws, all political parties in the country have agreed to a model code of conduct for the election campaign. This includes:

• (i) Any place of worship shall not be used for election propaganda.
• (ii) Criticism of the opposing candidates shall be limited to their policies and programs, past record of public service, and not mention of their private personal lives.
• (iii) Government official transport like cars, vehicles, machinery, aircraft, and personnel shall not be used by government officials or ministers.
• (iv) No posters, pamphlets, notices, or slogans shall be placed on any building without the permission of the owner.
• (v) After the elections have been announced, no minister shall lay down foundation stones

The Parliament of India

The Parliament of India comprises the head of state—the President of India—and the two Houses, which constitute the legislature. The President of India is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of federal and state legislatures. The House of the People (Lok Sabha) has 548 members, with 543 members elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies and two members appointed to represent the Anglo-Indian community (as envisaged by the Constitution of India; currently, the members of Lok Sabha are 545, out of which 543 are elected for a 5-year term and 2 members represent the Anglo-Indian community). The 550 members are elected under the plurality ('first past the post') electoral... Continue reading "Indian Parliament and Election Process Explained" »

The 9/11 Attacks and the Ensuing War on Terror

On the morning of September 11, 2001, the world experienced a profound shift. Terrorists hijacked four airplanes, resulting in the deaths of nearly 3,000 people. This catastrophic event was a deeply shocking moment for the United States and the international community.

The "War on Terror" refers to the comprehensive military and political responses initiated by the United States following the 9/11 attacks. This global campaign commenced with the war in Afghanistan and later expanded to include the war in Iraq, alongside numerous other operations aimed at combating terrorism worldwide. Understanding this period is crucial for comprehending the significant transformations in U.S. foreign policy and... Continue reading "9/11's Enduring Impact: U.S. Policy and the War on Terror" »

Chemical Reactions and Equations

1. Chemical Reaction Definition

The process in which a substance undergoes change to produce new substances with new properties is known as chemical reaction, e.g., magnesium carbonate when heated produces magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide (i.e., new substances with new properties).

A chemical change is generally accompanied by a change of state, change of colour, evolution of a gas, or change of temperature, etc.

2. Chemical Equation Definition

The qualitative representation of a chemical reaction in a shorthand or concise form, in terms of symbols and formulae, is called a chemical equation.

3. Skeletal Chemical Equation

A chemical equation written in the form of symbols and formulae is called a skeletal chemical

Historical Source Evaluation

Understanding Historical Source Evaluation

Timeline of Key Events (American & French Revolutions)

• American War of Independence: 1775 - 1783 (French involvement)
• Assembly of Notables: 22 Feb - 25 May 1787
• Lit De Justice: 6 Aug 1787, 8 May 1788
• Day of Tiles: 10 June 1788
• Harvest Crisis: 1788
• Pamphlet War: 1788-1789
• Cahiers De Doléances: 1789 (List of grievances)
• Rural Revolt: March 1789
• Réveillon Riots: 27-28 April 1789
• Estates-General: May 1789
• Declaration of the National Assembly: 17 June 1789
• Tennis Court Oath: 20 June 1789
• Royal Session: 23 June 1789
• Necker’s Dismissal: 11 July 1789
• Fall of the Bastille: 14 July 1789
• Municipal Revolutions: 13-17 July 1789
• The Great Fear: 20 July - 6 Aug 1789
• Night of 4 August: Abolition of

Income from Other Sources: Key Questions and Answers

Q1. What is the name of the fifth head of income?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q2. What are the essential conditions for chargeability of income under the head 'Income from Other Sources'?

Ans: The following conditions must be satisfied:

• (i) There must be an income that is not exempted from tax.
• (ii) The income must not be chargeable under any of the first four heads (i.e., other than the head 'Income from Other Sources').

Q3. Write two examples of income that are chargeable under the head 'Income from Other Sources'.

Ans:

• (i) Winning from lotteries
• (ii) Winning from crossword puzzles

Q4. Under which head is the salary of MP/MLA charged?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q5. Define the term 'security'

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed. The number of atoms in the reactants must be the same as the products. Atoms don't appear or disappear, they just rearrange. (Hence why you have to balance out chemical equations)

Balancing Equations

• The subscripts in the chemical formula cannot be changed (The little number beside a formula that is part of it).
• Use coefficients to balance.
• Coefficients multiply the entire compound by that number (4PO = 4P 4O).

Example: N₂+O₂>N₂O = 2N₂+O₂>2N₂O

Balancing Word Equations

• Determine what the reactants and the products are, convert names to chemical formulas. (Individual elements that are diatomic (molecular) will be, S₈, P₄, I₂, Br₂, Cl₂, F₂, O₂, N₂, H₂) If it's not diatomic just

Structure of the Atom

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

Protons: Equal to the atomic number

Electrons: Equal to the atomic number

Neutrons: Equal to the atomic mass minus the atomic number

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

Electron shells: 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32

Counting Atoms

Example 1: Na₂CO₃

• Sodium (Na): 2
• Carbon (C): 1
• Oxygen (O): 3

Example 2: 4Al₂(CO₃)₃

• Aluminum (Al): 4 x 2 = 8
• Carbon (C): 3 x 4 = 12
• Oxygen (O): 9 x 4 = 36
• Total: 56

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Ions are atoms that have either lost or gained electrons. While atoms are neutral, ions are charged particles.

Ionic Compounds are a combination of a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion), typically formed between a metal and a nonmetal.

Example: Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)

Calcium (Ca⁺²) has a charge of +2,... Continue reading "Structure of the Atom, Chemical Reactions, and Acids and Bases" »