Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Secondary education

The Parliament of India

The Parliament of India comprises the head of state—the President of India—and the two Houses, which constitute the legislature. The President of India is elected for a five-year term by an electoral college consisting of members of federal and state legislatures. The House of the People (Lok Sabha) has 548 members, with 543 members elected for a five-year term in single-seat constituencies and two members appointed to represent the Anglo-Indian community (as envisaged by the Constitution of India; currently, the members of Lok Sabha are 545, out of which 543 are elected for a 5-year term and 2 members represent the Anglo-Indian community). The 550 members are elected under the plurality ('first past the post') electoral... Continue reading "Indian Parliament and Election Process Explained" »

Historical Source Evaluation

Understanding Historical Source Evaluation

Timeline of Key Events (American & French Revolutions)

• American War of Independence: 1775 - 1783 (French involvement)
• Assembly of Notables: 22 Feb - 25 May 1787
• Lit De Justice: 6 Aug 1787, 8 May 1788
• Day of Tiles: 10 June 1788
• Harvest Crisis: 1788
• Pamphlet War: 1788-1789
• Cahiers De Doléances: 1789 (List of grievances)
• Rural Revolt: March 1789
• Réveillon Riots: 27-28 April 1789
• Estates-General: May 1789
• Declaration of the National Assembly: 17 June 1789
• Tennis Court Oath: 20 June 1789
• Royal Session: 23 June 1789
• Necker’s Dismissal: 11 July 1789
• Fall of the Bastille: 14 July 1789
• Municipal Revolutions: 13-17 July 1789
• The Great Fear: 20 July - 6 Aug 1789
• Night of 4 August: Abolition of

Income from Other Sources: Key Questions and Answers

Q1. What is the name of the fifth head of income?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q2. What are the essential conditions for chargeability of income under the head 'Income from Other Sources'?

Ans: The following conditions must be satisfied:

• (i) There must be an income that is not exempted from tax.
• (ii) The income must not be chargeable under any of the first four heads (i.e., other than the head 'Income from Other Sources').

Q3. Write two examples of income that are chargeable under the head 'Income from Other Sources'.

Ans:

• (i) Winning from lotteries
• (ii) Winning from crossword puzzles

Q4. Under which head is the salary of MP/MLA charged?

Ans: Income from other sources.

Q5. Define the term 'security'

The Law of Conservation of Mass

Matter cannot be created or destroyed. The number of atoms in the reactants must be the same as the products. Atoms don't appear or disappear, they just rearrange. (Hence why you have to balance out chemical equations)

Balancing Equations

• The subscripts in the chemical formula cannot be changed (The little number beside a formula that is part of it).
• Use coefficients to balance.
• Coefficients multiply the entire compound by that number (4PO = 4P 4O).

Example: N₂+O₂>N₂O = 2N₂+O₂>2N₂O

Balancing Word Equations

• Determine what the reactants and the products are, convert names to chemical formulas. (Individual elements that are diatomic (molecular) will be, S₈, P₄, I₂, Br₂, Cl₂, F₂, O₂, N₂, H₂) If it's not diatomic just

Structure of the Atom

Protons, Electrons, and Neutrons

Protons: Equal to the atomic number

Electrons: Equal to the atomic number

Neutrons: Equal to the atomic mass minus the atomic number

Bohr-Rutherford Diagram

Electron shells: 2, 8, 8, 18, 18, 32

Counting Atoms

Example 1: Na₂CO₃

• Sodium (Na): 2
• Carbon (C): 1
• Oxygen (O): 3

Example 2: 4Al₂(CO₃)₃

• Aluminum (Al): 4 x 2 = 8
• Carbon (C): 3 x 4 = 12
• Oxygen (O): 9 x 4 = 36
• Total: 56

Ions and Ionic Compounds

Ions are atoms that have either lost or gained electrons. While atoms are neutral, ions are charged particles.

Ionic Compounds are a combination of a cation (positive ion) and an anion (negative ion), typically formed between a metal and a nonmetal.

Example: Calcium Chloride (CaCl₂)

Calcium (Ca⁺²) has a charge of +2,... Continue reading "Structure of the Atom, Chemical Reactions, and Acids and Bases" »

Victor's Journey to Geneva and Encounter with the Monster

1. On his journey to Geneva, Victor spent the night in the village of Secheron, but he couldn't sleep.

Victor couldn't sleep, and he decided to go and find the place where William had been murdered. During the storm, he saw a figure standing beside some trees; it was the monster.

Justine's Trial and Conviction

2. Justine defended herself in court.

Justine was called to defend herself. Crying, she told them what she remembered.

But it did no good. The judge had reached his verdict, and Justine had been found guilty. She was sentenced to death and would be executed the next day.

The Monster's Plea and Victor's Reaction

3. The monster raised his hand and began to speak.

Victor was shocked.

The monster... Continue reading "Frankenstein: Key Plot Points and Analysis" »

The American Revolution: Q&A

Key Events and Figures

1. Purpose of the Declaration

The main purpose of the Declaration of Independence was to declare the separation of the United States from Britain.

2. The Patriot Spy

Nathan Hale was the patriot spy during the fight for New York.

3. Turning Point Battle

The Battle of Saratoga was a major turning point in the Revolution in the Middle States.

4. First Treaty of Alliance

France was the first country to sign a treaty of alliance with the U.S.

5. Sections of the Declaration

The Declaration of Independence is divided into the Preamble and three main sections that state some general ideas about society and government.

6. Native American Actions

Most Native American groups sided with the British during the... Continue reading "American Revolution: Key Battles, Figures, and Impact" »

Seljuk Turks

A group who conquered Palestine in 1073 and began to persecute Christians who visited.

Second Crusade

The second crusade was an effort to retake Edessa and was a disaster. It was led by King Louis VII and Emperor Conrad III.

Third Crusade

Led by Richard the Lionhearted, Philip II, and Frederick Barbarossa.

Cathedra

The word for the bishop's chair.

Chancel

The word for the choir area.

Sic et Non

A famous work by Peter Abelard.

Summa Theologica

A 21-volume work by St. Thomas Aquinas.

St. Bonaventure

A saint who distrusted St. Thomas Aquinas's theological system.

Abbot Suger

The person who designed St. Denis Cathedral.

Trivium

Rhetoric, logic, and grammar.

Quadrivium

Arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music.

Chartres

The most outstanding example of Gothic... Continue reading "Key Figures and Events in Medieval History" »

A Retrieved Reformation Questions

1. Jimmy's Plans Clue

   Which of Jimmy’s actions gives a clue to his plans for continuing to crack safes?

   Answer: B. He goes to his room to pick up his burglar’s tools.

2. Jimmy's Character

   Jimmy wears fancy clothes, eats well, and robs banks for quick money. What does this tell you about him?

   Answer: B. He likes “the good life.”

3. Ben Price's Interest

   Why is Ben Price interested in Jimmy Valentine?

   Answer: B. Ben Price wants to arrest Jimmy.

4. Jimmy's Reaction Prediction

   What can you predict that Jimmy will do when he notices Annabel coming out of the bank?

   Answer: A. He will find a way to meet her.

5. Shoe Business Reason

   Why does Jimmy Valentine decide to go into the shoe business?

   Answer: A. He likes fancy clothes.

6. Plot Element