Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Autotrophs and Heterotrophs Defined

F.5.1 Define the terms photoautotroph, photoheterotroph, chemoautotroph, and chemoheterotroph

Photoautotroph: An organism that uses light energy to generate ATP and produce organic compounds from inorganic substances.

Photoheterotroph: An organism that uses light energy to generate ATP and obtains organic compounds from other organisms.

Chemoautotroph: An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions to generate ATP and produce organic compounds from inorganic substances.

Chemoheterotroph: An organism that uses energy from chemical reactions to generate ATP and obtains organic compounds from other organisms.

Examples of Autotrophs and Heterotrophs

F.5.2 State one example of a photoautotroph, photoheterotroph,

Reverse Transcriptase

Production of DNA from RNA

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme isolated from retroviruses that catalyzes the production of DNA from an RNA template.

Use in Molecular Biology

• Reverse transcriptase is used in recombinant DNA technology to produce genes for gene transfer.
• It catalyzes the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template.
• cDNA does not contain introns because mRNA undergoes splicing before cDNA production.
• Bacteria lack the machinery for intron removal, so genes inserted into them need introns removed to produce functional proteins.
• Examples of reverse transcriptase use include:
  • Mass production of human insulin by E. coli.
  • Generation of cDNA libraries for DNA microarrays (DNA fingerprinting).

Gene Therapy

Somatic

Adams Closed-Loop Theory of Motor Learning

Adams' Closed-Loop Theory emphasizes the crucial role of feedback in learning motor skills. Feedback also strengthens memory and the perceptual trace, both of which are central to acquiring a motor skill.

Weaknesses:

• Cannot explain fast movements, only slow, linear movements.
• Too many action plans create a significant storage problem in memory.
• Doesn't explain an individual's ability to perform novel skills.

Schmidt's Schema Theory: A Cognitive Approach to Motor Learning

Schmidt's Schema Theory proposes cognitive mental constructs that describe a rule developed to overcome the weaknesses of Adams' theory. It utilizes the Generalized Motor Program (GMP), which is an abstract memory of a movement. The GMP contains... Continue reading "Motor Skill Acquisition: Theories, Neural Control, and Performance Insights" »

Step 1: Identify and Analyze Significant Facts

The researcher’s first task is to identify and analyze the facts of the problem. Some facts have legal significance; others do not. The process of legal research begins with compiling a descriptive statement of legally significant facts. Factual analysis is the first step in identifying the legal issues that will be researched.

The TARP Rule

A useful technique is to analyze facts according to the following factors:

• T – Thing or Subject Matter: The place or property involved in a problem or controversy may be important.
• A – Cause of Action or Ground of Defense: Identify the claim that might be asserted or the defense that might be made.
• R – Relief Sought: What is the purpose of the lawsuit? It

Technological Advancements

Another important impact the Industrial Revolution had was the improvements and developments it brought to the printing press. The development of more efficient and productive printing machines helped publish newspapers and made them more available to the masses. The telegraph is a great example that reflects the improvements seen in communication. Also, developing the steam engine as well as the iron and coal industry helped improve the transportation systems of society. Coal was used to power the steam engines, and iron was used to construct bridges and railroads, representing the huge progress made in transportation.

Social Issues and Worker Reforms

Eventually, with all of the mentioned social impacts that were produced... Continue reading "Industrial Revolution: Technology, Society, and Reform" »

Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)

The process starts with a proposed use declaration, indicating that the trademark is being used. The status changes from 'Pending' to 'Registered Trademark' after a notice of allowance, typically 10-14 months after filing, provided there are no oppositions.

A trademark examiner approves the application for publication in the trademark journal. Within two months of publication, third parties can oppose the trademark.

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

The Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS) is used for searches.

Form #11 in the USPTO filing process relates to the Madrid Protocol.

Serial Number/Registration number are key identifiers.

Trademark Trolls

Trademarks can be protected through... Continue reading "Trademark Registration: CIPO, USPTO, and International Systems" »

Factores que Afectan la Confiabilidad y Validez

Improvisación: La elaboración de todo instrumento requiere de cierto tiempo.

Se requiere conocer muy bien la variable que se quiere medir, así como la teoría que lo sustenta.

Utilizar instrumentos desarrollados en el extranjero y que no han sido validados en el contexto.

El instrumento resulta inadecuado para las personas a quienes se les aplicará (lenguaje, diferencias de edad, etc.).

Estilos personales de los sujetos participantes: deseabilidad social, tendencia a asentir todo lo que se le pregunta, dar respuestas inusuales o negativamente.

Las condiciones en las que se aplica el instrumento: ruido, iluminación, frío, demasiado larga.

Falta de estandarización: que las instrucciones no sean... Continue reading "Factores que Afectan la Confiabilidad y Validez en la Investigación" »

Error muestral

Error muestral: forma de expresar la falta de congruencia entre la muestra y la población.

Es la diferencia entre las características de la muestra y las características de la población de la cual se seleccionó la muestra.

Cuanto mayor es la muestra, menor es el error de muestreo, ya que aproxima su tamaño al tamaño de la población y es más representativa.

Cuanto mayor sea el error de muestreo, menos generalizable es a la población.

¿Cómo minimizamos el error muestral?

• Se aumenta el tamaño de la muestra hasta donde sea posible y razonable.
• La cantidad de variabilidad o la dispersión de estos valores nos da una idea de la magnitud del error de muestreo.
• Cuanto mayor es la diversidad de los valores de las muestras, mayor

Cuestionario de Examen de Farmacología

47. Benzodiazepina de vida media larga: c) Diazepam.
48. Las benzodiazepinas pueden usarse como: e) Miorrelajantes y ansiolíticos.
49. Indique cuál de los siguientes fármacos NO es un analgésico opioide: d) Naltrexona.
50. En relación al tramadol, es cierto que: c) Inhibe la recaptación de noradrenalina y serotonina.
51. En relación a los AINE, NO es cierto que: b) Se desarrolla dependencia física tras su uso crónico.
52. Indique cuál de los siguientes no es un AINE: c) Naproxeno (revisar formulación de pregunta).
53. Se consideran efectos adversos de los glucocorticoides: b) Osteoporosis.
54. Un paciente tratado por hipertensión arterial consulta por mareos, hipotensión y bradicardia, ¿cuál puede estar tomando?: a) Atenolol.

Foucault

Foucault 1.1.

Francuski mislilac Michel Foucault osobita je pojava u povijesti suvremene sociologije i filozofije društvenih znanosti. Iako je živio razmjerno kratko, ostavio je brojna djela. Foucaulta se često ubrajalo u pripadnike tzv. strukturalističke škole, od čega se sam distancirao. Ipak se ne može poreći da ga povezuje mnogo toga sa strukturalizmom, i to osobito misao koju je isticao Levi-Strauss, a to je „nestajanje subjekta“ kao premisa filozofskoga i znanstvenog mišljenja.

Za Foucaulta su glavni predmet istraživanja zgusnuti načini djelovanja i mišljenja, koje treba promatrati odvojeno od mislećih subjekata. Te „strukture“ treba otkrivati poput arheologa, odbacujući velike sheme evolucije koje smatra „glomaznim