Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Photosynthesis Fundamentals

Photosynthesis: Carbon Compound Production

• Living organisms require complex carbon compounds to carry out life processes and build the structures in their cells.
• Photosynthesis involves the conversion of light energy into chemical energy (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids).
• Chloroplasts absorb light energy from the sun and convert this energy into chemical energy (glucose) to be used by the organisms for energy.

Visible Light Spectrum and Wavelengths

• Light from the sun is composed of a range of wavelengths.
• The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to or can be detected by the human eye.
• Electromagnetic radiation in this range of wavelengths (380 to 750 nm) is called

Understanding Sympathy

1. Earthquake in China vs. Pinky

2. Using imagination to understand someone else’s pain

3. Challenge of 'blind' sympathy

Adam Smith described sympathy as an automatic reaction. Whenever we see people in pain, we cringe. Whenever we see people happy, we cannot help but smile. Through our own faculties and senses, we attempt to imagine what it is like to feel another person’s life with our own. But the sympathy we feel for others is limited by their relative closeness. We tend to sympathize with those closer to us in a single moment than a multitude of people we have never met. Smith uses the example of an earthquake in China against the threat of a severed finger. Although people claim the loss of a finger is nothing to... Continue reading "Understanding Sympathy and Economic Perspectives" »

Python Syntax

As we learned in the previous page, Python syntax can be executed by writing directly in the Command Line:

>>> print("Hello, World!")
Hello, World!

Python Indentation

Indentation refers to the spaces at the beginning of a code line.

Where in other programming languages the indentation in code is for readability only, the indentation in Python is very important.

Python uses indentation to indicate a block of code.

if5 > 2:
    print("Five is greater than two!")

Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:

if5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python Comments

Comments can be used to explain Python code.

Comments can be used to make the code more readable.

Comments can be used to prevent execution when testing... Continue reading "Python Syntax, Indentation, Comments, Variables, Data Types, Numbers, Casting, and Strings" »

City Thief Steals from Eileen Jacobs' Home

Witness Describes Suspect to Police

Police are hoping to make progress in catching a city thief. He was seen cycling away from the home of Eileen Jacobs after stealing a DVD player, a watch, and some jewelry. The main suspect is Neil Swains, a forty-year-old escaped convict. Daniel Cooper saw the criminal and is here to give us a description.

Presenter: Hello.

Mr. Cooper: Hello.

Presenter: Can you tell us what happened?

Mr. Cooper: Of course, I can. I was making my breakfast in the kitchen at about 8 AM when I heard a noise in Eileen's backyard. I knew she had gone on vacation last weekend, so I went to investigate.

Presenter: What did you see?

Mr. Cooper: I noticed the back door was open. It looked like someone... Continue reading "City Thief Steals DVD Player, Watch, Jewelry" »

Coastal Erosion

Factors Influencing Wave Size and Energy

The size and energy of a wave are influenced by:

• How long the wind has been blowing
• The strength of the wind
• The fetch (the distance the wind blows over the surface of the water)

Rate of Coastline Erosion

The rate of coastline erosion is influenced by:

• Type of rock (e.g., chalk and limestone form steep cliffs)
• Strength of waves
• Speed of waves

Destructive Waves

Destructive waves are created in storm conditions. They are characterized by:

• Being created from big, strong waves when the wind is powerful and has been blowing for a long time
• Occurring when wave energy is high and the wave has traveled over a long fetch
• Eroding the coast
• Having a stronger backwash than swash
• Having a short wavelength and being

Infant mortality rate/life expectancy

The waterborne disease is mostly spread out in northeast India. Gajrawedi has the highest rate (21-27) per 10000 people. The lowest rate (00-06) is in the west side of India, Subhanpura, and Sayajigunj. Cities like Raopura, Shiyabaug, and Sidhvaimata road have a mid-range rate of infections.

The sanitation in northeast India may not be clean, therefore, the water may be contaminated while transporting it, resulting in an unstable water supply.

There is a very high population in India, people may share water and transfer disease.

Areas with a high infection rate may have less affluent and probably don’t provide any facility to purify or filtrate the water.

Approaches to Improving Public Health

There are two

Essential Media and Digital Terminology

Dry Version

A pre-recorded item that includes only the spoken word—that is, no music or sound effects.

Debriefing

A detailed discussion about work that has been done.

Deputy Editor

The second editor in line.

Desktop Publishing (DTP)

Based around a page layout program, which lets you import text from a word processor, clip art from graphics packages, and images from scanners or cameras, arranging them all on a page. It is used to design and publish books, newspapers, posters, advertisements, and more.

Digital Art / Computer Art

Art created with applications that use mathematical formulas to generate beautiful, bright shapes called fractals.

Drop Shadows

The shadow an object creates on a surface.

DivX

A format used... Continue reading "Essential Media and Digital Terminology Defined" »

Coastal Management Strategies

Building a Sea Wall

A sea wall is a wall built on the edge of the coastline to protect against erosion and flooding. For example, waves in Porthleven are managed using a sea wall.

Advantages

• Protects the base of cliffs, land, and buildings against erosion.
• Can prevent coastal flooding in some areas.

Disadvantages

• Expensive to build.
• Curved sea walls reflect wave energy back to the sea, maintaining wave power and potentially increasing erosion over time.
• High maintenance costs.

Building Groynes

Groynes are wooden barriers built at right angles to the beach, such as the Hopton Sea Wall in Norfolk.

Advantages

• Prevent the movement of beach material along the coast by longshore drift.
• Allow the buildup of a beach, which acts as a

Comparative Advantage and Trade

Absolute vs. Comparative Advantage

Absolute advantage occurs when a country can produce more of a good with the same resources or produce the same good with fewer resources (higher efficiency). Comparative advantage exists when a country can produce a good at a lower opportunity cost than another country.

Illustrative Example

1. Before Specialization: Assume two countries, A and B, each allocating half their resources to produce wheat (W) and rice (R). Country A produces 50W and 40R, while Country B produces 100W and 50R.
2. After Specialization: Based on opportunity costs, Country A specializes in rice (80R), while Country B specializes in wheat (200W).
3. Trade: At a market price of 1W = 0.6R, Country B can export 100W and

Computer Basics

A computer is a device that processes data according to a set of instructions known as a program.

Hardware and Software

Hardware: The equipment. Software: The programs and data.

Operating System

The operating system is a special set of programs that provides an interface for the user and allows application programs to communicate with the hardware.

Application Programs

Application programs include:

• Word processors (for creating and editing texts)
• Spreadsheets (for calculating mathematical formulae)
• Databases (for storing data in a way that allows the data to be sorted and searched)

Antivirus Programs

Antivirus programs are used to detect and remove viruses (harmful programs that can reproduce themselves and attach themselves to other programs)... Continue reading "Computer Hardware, Software, and Peripherals: A Comprehensive Look" »