Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

The Great Depression, a period of severe economic downturn, lasted from 1929 to 1939. It was the worst economic depression in the history of the United States. While economists and historians often point to the stock market crash of October 24, 1929, as the start of the downturn, the reality is that the Great Depression was caused by a confluence of factors, not just one single event.

In the United States, the Great Depression crippled the presidency of Herbert Hoover and led to the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932. Promising the nation a "New Deal," Roosevelt would become the nation's longest-serving president. The economic downturn wasn't just confined to the United States; it affected much of the developed world. One consequence... Continue reading "The Great Depression: Causes and Effects 1929-1939" »

A Virtuous Individual

An individual who I considered to be virtuous is my best friend, Reid Bartholomew. Reid would always look out for everyone around him, friends, and family. The Golden Mean is the midpoint between two extremes, which are known as deficiency and excess. Where the golden mean lies between the vices depends on the situation. For example, courage could be considered the golden mean while cowardice is a deficiency and recklessness is an excess.

In Aristotle’s virtue ethics, he provided three conditions for authentic moral actions.

1. The subject knows well what he is doing. For instance, Reid had planned on completing all his homework for one day so he would have more time to study for his midterms the next day.
2. The subject does

Philosophical Perspectives on Existence and Morality

Thomas Aquinas: Arguments for God's Existence

In his cosmological arguments, Thomas Aquinas presents his explanations for God's existence. His first argument, the Argument from Contingency, posits that everything in our world is dependent on something else for its existence. Therefore, there must be an independent Prime Mover—a first cause—that initiated everything into motion at the beginning of the universe.

Aquinas's fourth argument, the Argument from Gradations of Perfection, suggests that if individuals can judge some things as more perfect than others, then an ultimate source of perfection must exist.

His fifth argument, the Argument from Design, explains that the universe exhibits... Continue reading "Philosophical Debates: Existence, Morality, and Human Nature" »

MEMOIRS V. MASSACHUSETTS, 1966

1973 COURT GUIDELINES .351 abandoned requirement 'utterly without redeeming social value.'

New guidelines:

1. Whether the average person, applying contemporary community standards, would find the work, taken as a whole, appeals to prurient interest.
2. Whether the work depicts or describes, in a patently offensive way, sexual conduct specifically defined by the applicable state law
3. Whether the work, taken as a whole, lacks serious literary, artistic, political or scientific value.

MODEL PENAL CODE – test based on review: material is obscene if its 'predominant appeal' to ordinary adults’ morbid interest in nudity, sex or excretion. .352

OBSCENITY AND THE INTERNET – Communications Decency Act of 1996 (CDA).

Reno v. ACLU,... Continue reading "Obscenity and Sexual Offenses in New Jersey Law" »

PUBLIC ORDER AND SAFETY OFFENSES:

Designed to protect the general public by dealing with behavior that is not necessarily morally wrong but nonetheless affects the peace and safety of the community.

BREACH OF PEACE

At C/L any voluntary action that disturbed a community’s peace without lawful justification or excuse was considered a crime.

UNLAWFUL ASSEMBLY

• ROUT – NJ 2C:33-1b unlawful assembly
• RIOT – NJ 2C:33-1 unlawful assembly
• DISORDERLY CONDUCT – not a crime at C/L .341

N.J.S.A. 2C:33-2, which proscribes disorderly conduct, provides:

• Improper behavior. A person is guilty of a petty disorderly persons offense, if with purpose to cause public inconvenience, annoyance or alarm, or recklessly creating risk thereof he
• Engages in fighting or threatening,

) Hypotheses, Type I and Type II Errors, and Statistical Tests

For each of the following tests, state the hypotheses, identify if it is a right-, left-, or two-tailed test and write Type I Error and Type II Error pertaining to the problem.

1. a) A professor of statistics states that the average student spends 3 hours studying for the midterm exam. Ho: μ = 3 vs. Ha: μ ≠ 3 Two-tailed test Type I Error: Concluding the average student doesn’t study 3 hours for midterm when in fact that is false. Type II Error: Not concluding the average student doesn’t study 3 hours for midterm when in fact that is true.
2. b) A spouse stated that the average amount of money spent on Christmas gifts for immediate family members is above $1,200. Ho: μ = 1200 (or

Marketing and Public Relations Terms

Celebrity Endorsement

Celebrity endorsement is the process where a famous person publicly uses, recommends, or is otherwise associated with a particular brand.

Demographic

A demographic is a part of a population that can be treated as a group for marketing purposes, defined by factors such as age or income.

Endorsement

An endorsement is a statement made by a famous or important person saying that they use and like a particular product.

Information Sheet

An information sheet is a piece of paper giving details about an item, usually a product.

Press Release

A press release is a written statement that gives information to be broadcast or published.

Press Kit

A press kit is a pre-packaged set of promotional materials distributed... Continue reading "Marketing Terms: Celebrity Endorsement & PR" »

In order to achieve happiness

, Aristotle believed it is necessary to live our lives in accordance to reasons and virtues. Intelligence and virtue are these fundamental ideas he believed can help us become the “supreme good”. Furthermore, happiness seems to be more of a pursuit rather than a state of being. Hence, I believe his definition of happiness lies on the dependency of ourselves. If we were to choose a virtuous path, it can give us the best way to live our lives and more importantly, finding our true form of happiness in the process.

Eudaimonia

is the pursuit of true happiness in our lives. For Aristotle, he believed we should obtain good habits; helping others in need in order to bring greatness into our lives. By displaying many... Continue reading "Aristotle's Definition of Happiness and Acts of Kindness in the Story" »

Mastering English Grammar: Reported Speech and Passive Voice

Reported Speech: Direct and Indirect Examples

Reported speech involves conveying what someone else said, often requiring changes in tense, pronouns, and time/place expressions.

Statements and Tense Shifts

• Direct: "These are guys' games," she said.
• Reported: She said (that) those were guys' games.

• Direct: "More women are playing games," she said.
• Reported: She said (that) more women were playing games.

• Direct: "She came home last weekend," she said.
• Reported: She said she had come home the previous weekend.

• Direct: "I have played quite a few games," she said.
• Reported: She said (that) she had played quite a few games.

Modal Verb Changes

• Will make → Would make
• Must → Had to

Questions and Imperatives

• Direct