Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Topic 1: The Marketing Function

What is Marketing?

Marketing is the process of identifying, understanding, and meeting customer and societal needs by creating, communicating, delivering, and exchanging value.

Key Concepts:

• Need: A basic requirement for survival (e.g., food, shelter).
• Want: A specific desire for a product or service that can satisfy a need.
• Demand: Wants backed by the ability and willingness to pay.
• Product: Any tradable offering that satisfies a need, including tangible goods, services, ideas, and experiences.
• Market: All potential buyers who share a need or desire and have the ability to exchange value.
• Consumer Insight: A non-obvious understanding about customers that can change their behavior for mutual benefit.

Evolution of Marketing

1. Product

State the Difference Between a Negotiable Instrument and a Contract of Assignment

Negotiation

Negotiation implies the transfer of a negotiable instrument that takes place to make the transferee the holder of the instrument. It has effect by mere delivery in the case of a bearer instrument and endorsement and delivery in the case of an order instrument. The transferee has the right to sue the third party in his/her own name.

Assignment

Assignment alludes to the transfer of ownership of the negotiable instrument, in which the assignee gets the rights to receive the amount due on the instrument from the prior parties. It has effect by a written document duly signed by the transferor. The assignee does not have the right to sue third parties in his... Continue reading "Negotiable Instruments: Key Concepts and Definitions" »

Get used to: Acostumbrarse a

Used To: Acostumbraba

Going to: gonna

The flight leaves, we are visiting some friends

Past Simple: 3rd, ed+did/ Past Cont: was+ing/ Past Perf Simple: Had, hadn't+3rd

was watching, came, didn't find, had never been

Passive: was, were, ed or 3rd

Future Perf Simple, Future Perfect: will have been spending, will have spent

Present Perfect: sujeto + have/has + 3rd column

Present Perfect Continuo: sujeto + have/has + been + ing

Reported Speech

present simple > past simple/ 3rd or ed

Present continuo > past continuo/ was + ing

Present Perfect > past perfect/ Had, hadn't + 3rd

Past Simple > past perfect/ Had, hadn't + 3rd

will > would

can > could

may > might

must > had to

have to > had to

Acceso Telnet

Switch(config)#line vty 0 15

Switch(config-line)#password cisco

Switch(config-line)#login Switch(config-line)#exit

Switch(config)#

Acceso remoto por SSH

Switch(config)#interface vlan 1

Switch(config-if)#ip address 192.168.20.1 255.255.255.0

Switch(config-if)#no shutdown

Switch(config)#hostname S1

S1(config)#ip domain-name cisco.com

S1(config)#crypto key generate rsa

The name for the keys will be: S1.cisco.com Choose the size of the key modulus in the range of 360 to 2048 for your General Purpose Keys. Choosing a key modulus greater than 512 may take a few minutes.

How many bits in the modulus [512]: 1024 % Generating 1024 bit RSA keys, keys will be non-exportable... [OK]

S1(config)# username usuario secret cisco *mar 1 1:13:48.23: %SSH-5-ENABLED:... Continue reading "Configuring and Securing Network Switches" »

26.The Supreme Court case Miranda v. Arizona (1966)

Criminal suspects must be informed of their Right to consult with an attorney and of their right against self-incrimination Prior to questioning by the police.

27.The Supreme Court in the case United States v. Richard Nixon (1974) ruled that Nixon must

Give up evidence but he refused

28.As president, Jimmy Carter called for a foreign Policy that stressed the importance of

Human Rights

What Have scientists discovered about the DNA structure?

It is unique and it can be used to solve issues.

30.In 1992, severe rioting In Los Angeles began in response to the

Verdict in the trial of the police in the Rodney king beating

31.In 1979, the United States responded to the Soviet Union’s invasion of Afghanistan... Continue reading "A History of American Politics and Law from 1965 to 2002" »

Clinical Case Scenarios

• 85 YO Patient: DM/Osteoporosis (B) → Insufficient physical activity. Recommendation: Calcium supplementation.
• 68 YO Patient: (C) → Nitro 100mg x2, T 4mg. (B) → J/UC/CRP/US (Interpretation unclear, likely lab/imaging tests).
• 82 YO Patient: Pneumonia (Pn) + Pyelonephritis (B) → Ceftriaxone 750 mg once.
• 86 YO Patient: C. difficile Treatment (Tx) (D) → Discontinue Ceftriaxone; initiate Vancomycin.
• 84 YO Patient: Fall Prevention in Elderly → Shortest option (Focus on factors other than fatigue or agility).
• Women with Depression → Treatment: CITALOPRAM.

Key Clinical Concepts and Questions

• Gastrointestinal (GI) Changes with Age (D): Decreased salivary gland function, decreased liver size, decreased detoxification potential.

1. Identifying, Listing, and Defining Artistic Proofs

• a. Ethos: Character (past observable behavior, testimony, and credentials)
• b. Pathos: Emotion (we try to hide emotions to make a decision, but it is the most compelling factor)
• c. Logos: Reasoning/logic/coherence (check against pathos and logos)

2. Differentiating Between Mood, Mind, and Action in an Argument

Understanding the distinctions between mood, mind, and action is crucial in crafting persuasive arguments.

3. Identifying the Parts of a Syllogism

• Major premise
• Minor premise
• Conclusion

4. Finding the Major Premise of an Argument Based on the Minor Premise

This involves deductive reasoning to uncover the underlying assumptions of an argument.

5. Defining Key Debate Terms

• Burden of proof: The person

Business Entities and Tax Implications

Taxation of Partnerships

Partnerships are not taxed at the corporate level. Instead, taxes are levied on the individual partners based on their share of the partnership's income.

Taxation of Corporate Entities

Corporations have a separate legal personality and are subject to corporate income tax. Shareholders are also taxed on the dividends they receive.

Justification for Corporate Income Tax

• Avoid tax deferral
• Neutrality
• Incentivize investment

Tax calculation: Tax = Tax Base x Tax Rate

Corporate and Shareholder Tax Systems

Classical System

Corporate profits are taxed at the corporate level, and dividends are taxed again at the shareholder level, resulting in economic double taxation.

Full Integration System

Corporations... Continue reading "Understanding Corporate Taxation: Systems, Distributions, and Debt-Equity Considerations" »

Tax Deductions: An International Comparison

Income Tax Imposition

Income tax is imposed on gross income minus deductible expenditures. Generally, you cannot use expenses from one category of income to offset profits belonging to another. Expenses related to business activity may have specific deductions, while employment income often has standard deductions. Personal expenditures are generally not deductible. Mixed business and personal expenses are generally not deductible unless specific rules apply. For example, the UK does not allow deductions for mixed expenses. However, some countries like Australia, Sweden, and France allow deductions upon apportionment.

Specific Deductible Expenses

Commuting Expenses

Travel from and to work is generally... Continue reading "Tax Deductions and Capitalization: International Comparison" »