Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Reported Speech Transformation Examples

Reported speech, also known as indirect speech, is used to communicate what someone else said without using their exact words. Below are several examples of how to transform direct speech into reported speech using various reporting verbs.

1. "No, I didn't break the window," Billy said.
   Billy denied breaking the window.
2. "I'm sorry I shouted at you," Mary told Peter.
   Mary apologised to Peter for shouting at him.
3. "It only works if you press the green button," he explained.
   He explained that it only worked if I pressed the green button.
4. "Let's go to the cinema this afternoon," Paul said.
   Paul suggested going to the cinema that afternoon.
5. "It's true. I took the bicycle," Saul said.
   Saul admitted taking the bicycle.
6. "No,

Hotel Hospitality Exam Answers and Vocabulary

Set A — Exercise 1

1. 1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. DS

Set A — Exercise 2

2. 1. On 28 July at 11 p.m. 2. Because they arrived late, their room wasn’t available. / There were no rooms available. 3. Hotel regulation: Guests must pay for the room in advance if they want the hotel to keep the room after the expected arrival time. 4. The price was £100 more than the Lotus Hotel. 5. Pay compensation for the trouble and expense.

Set A — Vocabulary 1

1. 1. overtime 5. salary 2. age 6. premises 3. unattended 7. refused 4. rude 8. accompanying

Set A — Vocabulary 2

2. 1. unpaid leave 5. standard room 2. video clip 6. laundry service 3. fitness centre 7. body language 4. storage space 8. return ticket

Set A —

English Phonetics: A Comprehensive Guide

Vowels

Vowels are defined as speech sounds produced with a relatively open vocal tract, allowing air to flow freely through the mouth. They are characterized by 12 features:

• Direction of the air
• Height of the tongue: high, low, and mid vowels
• Part of the tongue raised: front, central, or back
• Position of the lips: rounded or spread
• Length: short or long

Vowels can be classified as either monophthongs or diphthongs. Monophthongs are single vowel sounds, while diphthongs are combinations of two vowel sounds that glide together.

Consonants

Consonants are defined as speech sounds produced with a constriction or closure in the vocal tract, obstructing the flow of air. They are characterized by 24 features:

• Vocal cords:

The Plan Unfolds

Jeremy turned his gaze back towards the old dance studio. He could see movement inside, and he knew that in just a few short moments his chance would come. He thought back to his plan. To start a new life, he would have to take someone with him...

The Abduction

Slowly he crept out of his van. The harsh wind slapped him across his face, and it was raining harder than ever. He slowly and silently made his way over to the door of the studio and stood beyond a pole. The door creaked as it was suddenly pushed open. Someone was coming out. Jeremy leapt out from the darkness of his hiding place. He had to be sure it was the right person. In the light shining out from the door, he could make out a small figure with wispy blonde hair.... Continue reading "A New Life's Dark Beginning" »

Freedom and Human Nature

Humans, though possessing instincts, are not determined by nature. Thanks to our rational capacity, we can choose among a number of possibilities. This capability is known as freedom.

However, certain factors in our behavior do not depend on us. No one chooses their birthplace, gender, or skin color. These are given to us and constitute what Ortega y Gasset called circumstances.

To be free means to be responsible for our actions and accept the consequences of our behavior. Responsibility involves attributing success to our work and accepting failures or errors. If we make a mistake, we must rectify it and accept the punishment.

Moral Norms

A norm is a pattern that governs our behavior, a rule about how we should act. For... Continue reading "Freedom, Responsibility, and Moral Norms: A Philosophical View" »

Sole Proprietorship

A sole proprietorship is a business structure where an individual owns and operates the business. The owner contributes the capital, manages operations, and is solely responsible for the business's outcomes. They may work alone or employ others. This structure is the easiest to form and simplest to organize. The sole proprietor can borrow funds or utilize others' money for business purposes.

Advantages of Sole Proprietorship

Easy to Start

Forming a sole proprietorship is easier than partnerships or corporations. There are no legal formalities like agreements, memorandums of association, or articles of association.

Easy to Dissolve

Dissolving a sole proprietorship is simple, as the owner doesn't need permission from shareholders... Continue reading "Sole Proprietorship: Advantages, Disadvantages, and Characteristics" »

117 Ways to Pass the Earth Science Regents

1. The same substance always has the same density.

2. As pressure increases, density increases.

3. As temperature increases, density decreases.

4. Water expands when it freezes.

5. Most changes are cyclic.

6. Water is most dense at 4^oC, when it is a liquid.

7. The true shape of the Earth is an oblate spheroid, but from space it looks like a sphere.

44. As temperature increases, air pressure decreases.

45. As moisture increases, pressure decreases.

46. Air pressure decreases with altitude.

47. Highs are cool and dry; lows are warm and wet.

48. Wind is due to air pressure differences.

49. Wind blows from high to low pressure.

50. Wind is named from the direction that it is coming from.

51. The accepted value is the... Continue reading "Earth Science Regents: 117 Key Concepts" »

Vladimir: The Rational Mind in Crisis

Vladimir represents the rational part of the duo, the mind; however, despite this, he is unable to react and remains powerless. Unlike Estragon, he is more intelligent and is the one who looks after Estragon's physical well-being. He raises philosophical questions but never achieves an answer. His suffering is purely intellectual; an example of this is seen when he fails to understand why Pozzo keeps Lucky as a slave. We can observe Descartes' influence in this character through the lens of "I think, therefore I am."

Pozzo and Lucky: Power and Class Dynamics

Pozzo and Lucky may represent a capitalist-working class relationship; the former enslaves Lucky and gives him leftovers. Paradoxically, despite being... Continue reading "Existentialism and Symbolism in Waiting for Godot" »

British Poetry: 1950s-1970s

This analysis summarizes and discusses the main characteristics of British poetry between the 1950s and the 1970s, with specific reference to the works of Philip Larkin, Ted Hughes, and Seamus Heaney.

A Shift in English Literature

There was a significant shift in English literature during this period, with writers largely avoiding romanticism and modernism. Instead, they focused on writing realistic poetry and novels. Meanwhile, playwrights adopted a more philosophical point of view.

Post-War Dreams and Disappointments

In the aftermath of World War II, a dream for the future emerged, encompassing improved health services, education, and welfare systems. Universities like Oxford, Cambridge, and St. Andrews were no longer... Continue reading "British Poetry: 1950s-1970s - Larkin, Hughes, and Heaney" »

The Significance of April 4, 1984 in Orwell's Novel

By a strange coincidence, the first chapter of George Orwell's famous dystopian novel, 1984, begins on April 4, 1984. On this day, the hero, Winston Smith, takes the first seditious step toward independence from externally imposed structures of meaning: he starts writing a diary. When Winston begins the diary, he writes the date: April 4, 1984.

Winston Smith's Diary: An Act of Rebellion

This attempt to find his own voice symbolizes the hope of liberation, the cleansing of consciousness from imposed ideas, and the movement towards a goal, however hopeless it may seem.

The Search for Truth and Freedom

He wrote:

"Freedom is the right to say that two plus two make four. If that is granted, all else