Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Primary education

Reverse Transcriptase

Production of DNA from RNA

Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme isolated from retroviruses that catalyzes the production of DNA from an RNA template.

Use in Molecular Biology

• Reverse transcriptase is used in recombinant DNA technology to produce genes for gene transfer.
• It catalyzes the production of complementary DNA (cDNA) from an mRNA template.
• cDNA does not contain introns because mRNA undergoes splicing before cDNA production.
• Bacteria lack the machinery for intron removal, so genes inserted into them need introns removed to produce functional proteins.
• Examples of reverse transcriptase use include:
  • Mass production of human insulin by E. coli.
  • Generation of cDNA libraries for DNA microarrays (DNA fingerprinting).

Gene Therapy

Somatic

Adams Closed-Loop Theory of Motor Learning

Adams' Closed-Loop Theory emphasizes the crucial role of feedback in learning motor skills. Feedback also strengthens memory and the perceptual trace, both of which are central to acquiring a motor skill.

Weaknesses:

• Cannot explain fast movements, only slow, linear movements.
• Too many action plans create a significant storage problem in memory.
• Doesn't explain an individual's ability to perform novel skills.

Schmidt's Schema Theory: A Cognitive Approach to Motor Learning

Schmidt's Schema Theory proposes cognitive mental constructs that describe a rule developed to overcome the weaknesses of Adams' theory. It utilizes the Generalized Motor Program (GMP), which is an abstract memory of a movement. The GMP contains... Continue reading "Motor Skill Acquisition: Theories, Neural Control, and Performance Insights" »

Technological Advancements

Another important impact the Industrial Revolution had was the improvements and developments it brought to the printing press. The development of more efficient and productive printing machines helped publish newspapers and made them more available to the masses. The telegraph is a great example that reflects the improvements seen in communication. Also, developing the steam engine as well as the iron and coal industry helped improve the transportation systems of society. Coal was used to power the steam engines, and iron was used to construct bridges and railroads, representing the huge progress made in transportation.

Social Issues and Worker Reforms

Eventually, with all of the mentioned social impacts that were produced... Continue reading "Industrial Revolution: Technology, Society, and Reform" »

Canadian Intellectual Property Office (CIPO)

The process starts with a proposed use declaration, indicating that the trademark is being used. The status changes from 'Pending' to 'Registered Trademark' after a notice of allowance, typically 10-14 months after filing, provided there are no oppositions.

A trademark examiner approves the application for publication in the trademark journal. Within two months of publication, third parties can oppose the trademark.

United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO)

The Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS) is used for searches.

Form #11 in the USPTO filing process relates to the Madrid Protocol.

Serial Number/Registration number are key identifiers.

Trademark Trolls

Trademarks can be protected through... Continue reading "Trademark Registration: CIPO, USPTO, and International Systems" »

Core Concepts of Motivation in Learning

Key Theories of Motivation

Behavioral Definitions

Motivation is defined as “the anticipation of reinforcement.” Human beings pursue a goal because they perceive a reward for doing so. This reward serves to reinforce behavior, causing it to persist.

Drive Theory

Those who view human drives as fundamental to behavior claim that motivation stems from basic innate drives. Innate predispositions such as exploration, manipulation, activity, stimulation, knowledge, and ego enhancement act to probe the unknown, control our environment, be physically active, be receptive to mental, emotional, or physical stimulation, and build our self-esteem.

Hierarchy of Needs Theory (Maslow)

Motivation progresses from the satisfaction... Continue reading "Psychological Theories of Motivation and Effective Child Pedagogy" »

Prototypical Cases of Ironic Interpretation

The following principles describe the relationship between utterance processing, contextual information, and the identification of ironic intent:

1. Uttering an ironic utterance is not a condition for the hearer to access information from different contextual sources and infer the ironic intention. The hearer can infer intention even before the utterance has been spoken.
2. Complete processing of the utterance is not a condition for accessing the ironic interpretation. Sometimes, the ironic interpretation is obtained even before the utterance has been processed completely (i.e., before all the words have been identified).
3. It is not always necessary to process completely the explicit information contained in

Common Types of Figurative Language

Figurative language allows speakers and writers to communicate meanings that differ in various ways from what they literally say. People speak figuratively for reasons of politeness, to avoid responsibility for the import of what is communicated, to express ideas that are difficult to communicate using literal language, and to express thoughts in a compact and vivid manner.

Figurative means that words are used in a way that is different from the usual meaning. That way, the description is more interesting or impressive. Figurative language creates a picture in your mind.

For example: "He is about to explode!"

We do not mean to say that the man will actually explode. We only want to say that he is extremely angry.... Continue reading "Common Types of Figurative Language and Their Meanings" »

Essential Medical Terminology and Patient Interview Phrases

Common Medical Abbreviations and Acronyms

Abdo.

Abdomen

a.c.

Before meals

AJ

Ankle Jerk

a.m.

Morning

AP

Antero-Posterior

AS

Alimentary System

A&W

Alive and Well

BB

Bed Bath

b.d./b.i.d.

Twice a day

BI

Bone Injury

BID

Brought In Dead

BM

Bowel Movement

BP

Blood Pressure

BS

Bowel Sounds

CAD

Coronary Artery Disease

CCF

Congestive Cardiac Failure

Chr. CF

Chronic Cardiac Failure

CNS

Central Nervous System

C/o

Complains of

Creps

Crepitations

CT

Cerebral Tumor; Coronary Thrombosis

CV

Cardiovascular

CVS

Cardiovascular System; Cerebrovascular System

D

Divorced

ECG/EKG

Electrocardiogram

EEG

Electroencephalogram

ENT

Ear, Nose, Throat

F

Female

FUO

Fever of Unknown Origin

GC

General Condition

GIS

Gastro-Intestinal System

GP

General Practitioner

GUS

Genito-Urinary

Cognitive Principles in Learning

Cognitive principles relate to mental and intellectual functions, influencing how we learn and process information.

Automaticity: Developing Fluent Skills

Automaticity is the ability to perform tasks without conscious thought, allowing actions to become automatic response patterns or habits. It typically results from learning, repetition, and practice.

• Overcome the propensity to pay too much focal attention to the bits and pieces of language; move language forms quickly to the periphery by using language in authentic contexts for meaningful purposes.
• Grammatical explanations or exercises dealing with usage have a place in the adult classroom, but avoid overwhelming students with excessive grammar.
• If learning processes

The Spanish Political System

What is a constitution?

The constitution is the fundamental law that controls the Spanish government.

What are the powers of the state?

The powers of the state are divided into three branches:

• Legislative Branch: Makes the laws.
• Executive Branch: Enforces the laws.
• Judicial Branch: Interprets laws and judges those who violate them.

What is the political system of Spain?

Spain has a monarch (a king or queen) who is the head of state. The monarch's role is mainly ceremonial, but they also represent the country internationally.

The Cold War and Global Conflicts

What was the Cold War and when did it end?

The Cold War was an ideological confrontation from 1945 until the dissolution of the USSR. The United States led the Western... Continue reading "Spain's Government, Cold War History & Global Agencies" »