Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Running Technique and Speed Development

Understanding the Running Stride

No two athletes run exactly the same way. However, we can distinguish athletes based on their running style. Running technique is based on biomechanical principles that enhance performance. Let's examine the key components of a stride:

• Stride: A full cycle from when the foot loses contact with the ground until it makes contact again. It consists of two steps.
• Stride Length: The distance between successive foot placements.
• Stride Frequency: The number of strides taken within a specific distance or time.

Phases of the Stride

1. Impulse: This phase results from the extension of the foot and knee, initiated when the hip drives forward. The opposite leg, the 'free' leg, folds up, creating

Developing Travel Speed Components

This quality depends on the balance of all components: frequency, amplitude, speed endurance, and technique, as well as an adequate speed of execution, which leads to good acceleration determined by contractile speed. Considering these components:

Stride Length

Improved through exercises that work driving ability, such as multihops without light burden or long jumps. Similarly, exercises to improve joint range using downhill slopes with wide steps, progressions extending the stride, and flexibility work are beneficial.

Frequency of Movements

Closely tied to stride length, a balance must be found. Develop this through segmental movements at maximum speed using multiple repetitions. This involves techniques like... Continue reading "Improving Athletic Speed: Components and Training Methods" »

Handball Fundamentals: Mastering Key Techniques

It is impossible to play handball without mastering the pass.

Passing Techniques

Types of Passes

• Front Pass: Executed by passing the ball from head height, with arms extended forward.
• Lateral Pass: The ball is passed from chest level, moving from the center outwards.
• Picado (Bounce) Pass: Thrown towards the ground so the ball bounces and reaches a teammate.
• Dejada (Drop) Pass: Involves placing the ball in the palm of the hand and passing it to a teammate.
• Suspension Pass: Executed while airborne, typically just before a jump shot.

Throwing (Lanzamiento) Techniques

There are several types of throws in handball:

Types of Throws

• Support Throw: This throw is executed with one or both feet on the ground.
• Suspension

Physical Activity and Training

Training is the set of practices aimed at regulating and improving performance over time.

Training Objectives

• Motivation
• Positive thinking

Sports Training

• Fitness training
• Technical and tactical training

Training Maintenance

Maintaining fitness or engaging in physical activity.

Fitness Training

Motor Skills

Allow individuals to perform movements with full efficiency.

Loading or Work

Training exercises are based on volume and intensity.

Recovery or Rest

There are two types: complete and incomplete, passive and active.

Fatigue

A state transition created in the body due to effort.

Performance

Act Selye

A stimulus in the body produces a stress reaction, generating a reaction that increases performance.

Schultz Law

Each person has an initial... Continue reading "Physical Activity, Training, and Fitness: A Comprehensive Overview" »

Prions and Disease Transmission

Prions are viral proteins that cause diseases. Direct transmission is not common, but the disease can appear several years after exposure to surgical instruments, needles, or other objects used on infected corpses. Therefore, it is crucial to destroy these instruments. STH or GH, this hormone found in the pituitary of dead bodies, requires disinfection of equipment to prevent contamination of the conjunctiva and injured nerve or blood tissue.

Tuberculosis Transmission and Disinfection

Tuberculosis is transmitted through inhalation. When handling fresh infected lungs, they should be perfused with sliced formalin before using routine disinfectants. This increases the time for disinfestation.

Other Infections and Handling

Optimizing Respiration & Mastering Relaxation

Understanding Respiratory Mechanics

Respiratory-Movement Relationship

Respiration involves the exchange of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrogen, enabling the body to generate energy.

Types of Breathing

• Chest Breathing: Involves intercostal muscles or abdominal muscles.
• Diaphragmatic Respiration: Often complements chest breathing for complete respiratory function.

Dynamic Respiratory Phases

The dynamic output includes: Abdominal Inspiration, Thoracic Inspiration, Abdominal Expiration, and Thoracic Expiration.

Tips to Enhance Respiratory Capacity

• Avoid awkward postures.
• Practice deep breathing (e.g., in a park or mountain setting).
• Maintain a calm, steady breathing pace.
• Avoid accelerated breathing.

Principles of Training

The capabilities we all possess are capable of being improved by training. A training system has to be customized based on the needs and requirements of each individual.

Organic Adaptation

The adaptation mechanisms that training produces in the human body will result from the cause-effect relationship between physical stimuli and the response each of us is capable of giving to these stimuli, as a function of their nature and their genetic characteristics.

Adaptation is the functional and morphological modification that occurs progressively in our body due to the application of training loads or simply due to adaptation to the environment in which we live.

The training principles are the guidelines to be followed for the equipment... Continue reading "Training Principles for Optimal Physical Condition" »

Locomotor System

Bones

The skeletal system consists of 200 bones.

• Long Bones: Femur, ulna, radius
• Short Bones: Vertebrae, phalanges
• Flat Bones: Shoulder blade, skull bones, pelvis
• Irregular Bones: Facial bones

Composition of Bones

Mineralized connective tissue

• Cells (2%):
  • Osteocytes: Mature cells
  • Osteoclasts: Destroy tissue
  • Osteoblasts: Create tissue
• Fibers (95%): Tropocollagen
• Fundamental Substance (3%): H₂O

Structure of Bones

• Compact Bone Tissue: In diaphysis (long bones) and flat outer layers
  • Osteons: Small vessels that make up the bone
  • Yellow Marrow: Consisting of fat, feeds the cells

Functions of Bones

• Support the body
• Protect vital organs
• Facilitate movement with joints and muscles
• Store minerals
• Manufacture red blood cells

Joints

• Synarthrosis: Fixed, no movement,

Quinometrica Assessment Instruments

Observation and Evaluation of Motor Patterns (McClenagham and Gallahue)

Catching a Ball

• Initial Stage:
  • The thumbs remain facing each other.
  • The hands attempt to catch the ball with a simultaneous but poorly coordinated grasp.
  • The palms are turned up.
  • The fingers are stretched and strained.
  • Hands are not effectively used to intercept the ball.
  • Arms remain relaxed at the sides or outstretched in front of the body.
  • Gives up arm movement upon contact to absorb the force of the ball.
• Intermediate Stage:
  • The hands take the ball with a simultaneous and well-coordinated catch.
  • The fingers make more effective pressure.
  • The hands are facing each other with thumbs up.
  • The arms are adapted to the path of the ball.
  • The elbows are kept