Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Traditional Sports and Popular Games

The Essence of the Game

Game: Action and free as a spontaneous finality. The activity itself is the very same. It differs from sports in its social impact.

Differences Between Traditional Games and Modern Sports

• Regulation: Simple and modifiable / Strict and standardized
• Variability: Variable from one territory to another / Universal
• Purpose: Recreation / Competitive
• Accessibility: Open to all people / Specialists
• Financial Incentive: Without lucrative fines / Tendency to professionalism
• Context: Centered around labor activities and daily life, related to the context of the people / Developed in rural and urban scopes

Terminology in Physical Activity

Games and sports, physical activity, physical fitness, physical education,... Continue reading "Traditional Sports and Popular Games: A Cultural Legacy" »

Joint Mobility and Injury Prevention

Joint mobility exercises are an important part of warming up. They are intended to increase the range of motion of the different structures forming the joints, such as ligaments, tendons, and muscles.

Active Warming Up

Active warming up is the start of any physical activity. It is typically divided into five phases:

1. Joint mobility
2. Dynamic stretching
3. Generic dynamic exercises
4. Short rest
5. Specific exercises

Muscle Injuries

A muscle pull is often caused by a lack of proper stretching or insufficient muscle warm-up.

Warming Up

Warming up involves a progressive and gradual mobilization of all muscles and joints to avoid injuries. Types of warm-ups include:

• Rehabilitative: For those who have been injured, including massages,

Linguistic Signs

Signs perceive realities. There are different types of signs used in the formation of messages in one language:

• Denotation: Collects the primary objective of a linguistic sign. It is formed by features that differ from one another concept.
• Connotation: Connotation signs bring together feelings, ideas, and cultural aspects.

Communication Functions

• Referential or representational: Reports on a target without expressing feelings or trying to provoke a reaction in the recipient.
• Emotive or expressive: Used for the expression of feelings and experiences.
• Phatic: Intended to initiate, maintain, or break contact between the sender and receiver. It relates the message with contact between the issuer through the receiver and the channel. It

Knee Joint

The knee joint is formed by the articulation of the femur, tibia, fibula, and patella. It is a complex joint responsible for weight-bearing and locomotion.

Bony Structures

1. Femur

The distal femur has two condyles (medial and lateral) separated by an intercondylar fossa. The anterior aspect features the patellar surface (trochlea) for articulation with the patella.

2. Tibia

The proximal tibia has two condyles (medial and lateral) that articulate with the femoral condyles. The tibial tuberosity is a prominent anterior projection for the patellar ligament attachment.

3. Fibula

The fibula is a slender bone lateral to the tibia. Its head articulates with the lateral tibial condyle, and its distal end forms the lateral malleolus of the ankle.... Continue reading "Knee Joint Anatomy and Biomechanics" »

New School and Pedagogical Renewal: John Dewey (1859-1952)
Father of progressive psychology, John Dewey critiqued traditional education and emphasized the importance of experience in learning. He proposed a dynamic conception of education that rejects the notion of education as merely the training of intelligence. Dewey's problem-based methodology consists of five phases:

• Identifying a problem or difficulty.
• Starting the experience.
• Inspection of available data and research of viable solutions.
• Formulation of hypotheses for solutions.
• Checking the hypotheses.

Maria Montessori (1870-1952) worked extensively in scientific teaching and inaugurated the first Casa dei Bambini in San Lorenzo, Rome. She focused on children aged 4 to 5 years, allowing them... Continue reading "Innovative Educational Approaches: Dewey, Montessori, and Neill" »

Bones

Types:

• Short or cubic (tarsal foot)
• Long (metacarpal, femur)
• Wide or flat (skull, sternum)

Joints

• Synarthrosis (without mobility, cranial sutures)
• Cartilaginous joints (little mobility)
  • Syndesmosis (inferior tibiofibular)
  • Synchondrosis (rib or sternum)
• Synovial (high mobility)
  • Artrodia joint (carpal ligament wrist)
  • Condyloid (biaxial and spherical line radio and carpal bones)
  • Ball and socket joint (multiaxial, spherically shoulder, elbow)
  • Trochlea (hinge ankle, knee)
  • Saddle (thumb)
  • Pivot (trochus radioulnar joint)

Bone Structure

• Vein, nerve, artery, Haversian canal, osteoblasts, lamellae, blood vessels, osteons
• Bone marrow, spongy bone, artery, vein, cortical bone, osteon, periosteum, nerve

Muscle Layers

Types: Smooth, cardiac, skeletal (voluntary/striated)... Continue reading "Human Anatomy: Bones, Muscles, Joints, and Posture" »

In the world of body expression, we can differentiate three groups: without the use of words, using words, and with music.

Without the use of words:

These are forms of rich verbal communication. They use basic elements of body expression as a fundamental form of communication. They are used for physical education and movement since body language is a fundamental communication channel.

Mime:

Mime dates back to Ancient Greece, involving two or three characters, and the representation was entirely silent. In Rome, it became a popular genre, and in the first farces, expression relied on oral communication. Over time, oral expression was lost, and mime could be used for political satire or retaliation. Mime is considered the first form of expression... Continue reading "Body Expression in Performing Arts: Mime, Theater, and Dance" »

**Retrocapsular Orthoses**

Stability Goal: Angled floor redistributes force vectors, increases propulsion time, and provides an antalgic effect.

**Subphalangeal Orthoses**

Aligned with the target, it increases support, stops rolling. Headlamp goal for Dynamo goal cushion, metatarsal, and diminishes impact angle.

**Hardness**

• Crosslinking Time: Maximum 30-60 minutes, decreased 12-24 hours, lasts 3-4 weeks (defined). The same values apply to a maximum duration of 20 minutes.
• Catalyst Quantity: Double the amount of catalyst for softer silicones increases the maximum, but the definition varies. Do not crosslink before.
• Type of Paste: Paste is less than the maximum duration, crosslinked slower. Half paste (slow catalyzation) lasts less than the maximum

The Role of Memory in Intellectual Development

Memory is an important factor in intellectual development, influencing thought processes and information processing. Vygotsky considered the relationship between thought and memory, stating that for a young child, "to think means to remember." Current studies focus on the theoretical and evolutionary aspects of storage, coding, and retrieval. These are important from an educational point of view as they allow us to understand different memory strategies in children's short-term memory.

Short-term memory allows us to retain data briefly. For example, a child may remember the mobile toy immediately after seeing it. However, if strategies are not used to retain the information, it will be forgotten.... Continue reading "Memory, Cognition, and Psychomotor Development in Early Childhood" »

Math Operations

Operations with Parentheses

Perform multiplications and divisions first, then additions and subtractions. When simplifying fractions, the greatest common divisor should be used to reduce both the numerator and the denominator.

Expressing Fractions as Decimals

When the decimal is purely periodic (e.g., n = 235.2): The numerator is the number without the decimal point minus the non-periodic part, and the denominator is as many 9s as there are figures in the period.

When the decimal is mixed periodic (e.g., 1.372): The numerator is the number without the decimal point minus the non-periodic part. The denominator consists of as many 9s as there are periodic figures followed by as many 0s as there are non-periodic figures after the decimal... Continue reading "Math Operations" »