Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Benefits of Resistance Training

1. Enlarges heart cavities, increasing cardiac output (a result of aerobic endurance training).
2. Enhances and thickens heart muscle walls (anaerobic endurance).
3. Decreases resting heart rate.
4. Improves oxygen exchange at rest.
5. Positively impacts the respiratory system:
   • The trained person gets more air with each breath.
   • Increases the surface area of the alveoli.
   • Decreases breathing rate.
6. Enhances the function of detoxification organs.
7. Strengthens the muscular system.
8. Activates metabolism.

Benefits of Flexibility Training

1. Improves range of movement.
2. Increases muscle and tendon elasticity.
3. Helps prevent injuries.
4. Keeps joints healthy and functional.
5. Improves circulation.
6. Improves respiratory system function.
7. Helps prevent spinal deformation.

**Habits and Destination Driving**

In driving, human nature plays a significant role. Most training focuses on developing qualities that contribute to a person's overall enrichment.

**Basic Sports Skills**

These skills are developed from an early age and contribute to a person's overall enrichment.

**Dominant Skills**

• Good physical condition and general coordination are essential.
• Examples include running and jumping.
• Basic movements: jumps, turns, balances.

**Non-Dominant Skills**

• A good level of coordination and precision is required.
• Examples include throwing and hitting a ball.
• Basic movements: launches, receptions, pipes, impact (with the body or another instrument), and transportation.

**Psychomotor Qualities**

These qualities involve fundamental... Continue reading "Psychomotor Skills and Physical Qualities in Sports" »

E. Physical Basketball 2nd Quarter

Definition

Basketball is a sport involving two teams of five players. The objective is to score more points than the opposing team by shooting a basketball into the opponent's basket while following a set of rules.

Court Dimensions

• Length: 28 meters
• Width: 15 meters
• Basket Height: 3.65 meters

Regulations

• Game Duration: 4 periods of 10 minutes each
• Possession Time: 24 seconds
• Time to Advance Ball: 8 seconds to move the ball into the opponent's half-court
• Time with Ball in Play: 5 seconds to make a play when closely guarded
• 3-Second Violation: Offensive players cannot stay in the restricted area (paint) for more than 3 seconds

Scoring

• Field Goal (inside the 3-point line): 2 points
• Field Goal (outside the 3-point line): 3 points
• Free

Understanding Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disorder which causes a hardening and narrowing of the artery walls due to clusters of cholesterol, reducing or completely hindering the blood supply reaching the tissue that the artery serves. In the heart, this causes problems when it happens in the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in our body, but the most common are:

Commonly Affected Arteries

• Coronary arteries: These are the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Their involvement produces angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
• Carotid arteries: These are the main arteries carrying blood to the head. Their involvement can lead to the onset of stroke.
• Aorta artery: This is the largest artery in the body, and its

Methodology in Physical Education

Methodology refers to the way in which we will implement instruction to achieve specific goals. The methods must be adapted to the age, interests, and abilities of students.

Synthetic or Global Method

We teach the exercises in full. This method is suitable for very easy exercises that involve the entire movement, typically for children aged 6-7 years.

Advantages:

• The whole body is involved, making it easily understood.
• The child acts more freely.
• In sports, it allows for a comprehensive understanding of the movements.
• The child is less bored.

Disadvantages:

• Techniques are not readily available.
• Correcting defects can be difficult later on.

Analytical or By-Parts Method

The exercise is performed in parts. This method is... Continue reading "Effective Teaching Methods in Physical Education" »

Understanding the Curriculum Project (PCC)

The Curriculum Project (PCC) aims to define a flexible, versatile, and constantly revised range of training for an academic center. It enables innovation in curriculum definition, teaching style, and methodology.

PCC: Preparation and Approval

While the School Board is the decision-making body that can opine on the PCC's validity (including its integration within other institutional documents), the technical and practical responsibility for its development and implementation rests with the teachers and the faculty (cloister).

What is the Curriculum Project (PCC)?

The PCC represents the comprehensive training and academic offerings of the center. It develops the typical elements of a curriculum design and... Continue reading "Curriculum Project (PCC): Purpose and Key Elements" »

Trapezius Muscle

The trapezius muscle is a large, superficial muscle that extends from the skull to the last thoracic vertebra and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It occupies the center of the spine on both sides. Although often described as trapezoid-shaped, it is actually triangular. The appearance of a trapeze comes from the combination of the two trapezius muscles.

Sternomastoid Muscle

The sternomastoid muscle is located at all levels, running from back to front. It originates at the mastoid process of the temporal bone, immediately behind the external auditory meatus. One muscle belly terminates at the sternal manubrium, while the other terminates at the upper middle third of the clavicle, leaving a space between them. It acts as an... Continue reading "Key Muscles and Joints: Anatomy and Function" »

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is a set of organs that allow you to move the body and maintain its position. It includes the osteoarticular system and other elements that have the ability to produce movement, such as the muscular system.

Parts of the Osteoarticular System

• Bones: Hard and static parts, consisting of living tissue. Their external shape varies; they may be short, flat, or long. They perform four functions:
  • Sustainability
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Metabolic
• Joints: Areas of contact between two or more bones. The mobility of the bones depends on the type of link they have. They can be:
  • No movement (synarthrosis)
  • Little mobility (joint plane)
  • One axis of movement (hinge joint)
  • Two axes of movement (condyloid joint)
  • Three axes of

Standardization

Standardization is defined as a set of technical requirements that specify, unify, and simplify aspects of industrial processes. This standardization affects:

• a) The form, composition (wt% specifies the components), dimensions, and physical and chemical properties of materials.
• b) Terminology and symbols (standard symbols must be used for universal interpretation).
• c) Calculation methods, materials testing, measurement, and usage.

Certification is the action carried out by a recognized, independent organization, testifying that a company, product, process, service, or person meets the requirements defined in standards.

A standard is a document containing technical agreements made between manufacturers, users, and technical groups... Continue reading "Engineering Standardization, Tolerances, and ISO System Fits" »

Developing Motor Skills

Rolling, Crawling, and Creeping:

• Spins about its longitudinal axis is one more automated motor pattern at 6 months.
• Creeping usually occurs around 5 months.
• From 6 to 8 months, infants are capable of creeping effectively.
• Crawling starts around 8 to 10 months.

Walking:

• The first steps are a constant search for equilibrium and stability.
• Standing upright at 12 months and starting to walk around 14/15 months; there is great variability in their first steps from 9 to 18 months, depending on development.

Running:

• The first actions similar to running appear as an uncontrolled gait around 18/20 months.
• By age 5, children can run with some ease.

Jumping:

• After an acceptable performance level in gait, around age 4, jumping becomes possible