Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Understanding Atherosclerosis

Atherosclerosis is a disorder which causes a hardening and narrowing of the artery walls due to clusters of cholesterol, reducing or completely hindering the blood supply reaching the tissue that the artery serves. In the heart, this causes problems when it happens in the coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis can affect any artery in our body, but the most common are:

Commonly Affected Arteries

• Coronary arteries: These are the arteries that supply blood to the heart. Their involvement produces angina pectoris and myocardial infarction.
• Carotid arteries: These are the main arteries carrying blood to the head. Their involvement can lead to the onset of stroke.
• Aorta artery: This is the largest artery in the body, and its

Methodology in Physical Education

Methodology refers to the way in which we will implement instruction to achieve specific goals. The methods must be adapted to the age, interests, and abilities of students.

Synthetic or Global Method

We teach the exercises in full. This method is suitable for very easy exercises that involve the entire movement, typically for children aged 6-7 years.

Advantages:

• The whole body is involved, making it easily understood.
• The child acts more freely.
• In sports, it allows for a comprehensive understanding of the movements.
• The child is less bored.

Disadvantages:

• Techniques are not readily available.
• Correcting defects can be difficult later on.

Analytical or By-Parts Method

The exercise is performed in parts. This method is... Continue reading "Effective Teaching Methods in Physical Education" »

Understanding the Curriculum Project (PCC)

The Curriculum Project (PCC) aims to define a flexible, versatile, and constantly revised range of training for an academic center. It enables innovation in curriculum definition, teaching style, and methodology.

PCC: Preparation and Approval

While the School Board is the decision-making body that can opine on the PCC's validity (including its integration within other institutional documents), the technical and practical responsibility for its development and implementation rests with the teachers and the faculty (cloister).

What is the Curriculum Project (PCC)?

The PCC represents the comprehensive training and academic offerings of the center. It develops the typical elements of a curriculum design and... Continue reading "Curriculum Project (PCC): Purpose and Key Elements" »

Trapezius Muscle

The trapezius muscle is a large, superficial muscle that extends from the skull to the last thoracic vertebra and laterally to the spine of the scapula. It occupies the center of the spine on both sides. Although often described as trapezoid-shaped, it is actually triangular. The appearance of a trapeze comes from the combination of the two trapezius muscles.

Sternomastoid Muscle

The sternomastoid muscle is located at all levels, running from back to front. It originates at the mastoid process of the temporal bone, immediately behind the external auditory meatus. One muscle belly terminates at the sternal manubrium, while the other terminates at the upper middle third of the clavicle, leaving a space between them. It acts as an... Continue reading "Key Muscles and Joints: Anatomy and Function" »

Musculoskeletal System

The musculoskeletal system is a set of organs that allow you to move the body and maintain its position. It includes the osteoarticular system and other elements that have the ability to produce movement, such as the muscular system.

Parts of the Osteoarticular System

• Bones: Hard and static parts, consisting of living tissue. Their external shape varies; they may be short, flat, or long. They perform four functions:
  • Sustainability
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Metabolic
• Joints: Areas of contact between two or more bones. The mobility of the bones depends on the type of link they have. They can be:
  • No movement (synarthrosis)
  • Little mobility (joint plane)
  • One axis of movement (hinge joint)
  • Two axes of movement (condyloid joint)
  • Three axes of

Standardization

Standardization is defined as a set of technical requirements that specify, unify, and simplify aspects of industrial processes. This standardization affects:

• a) The form, composition (wt% specifies the components), dimensions, and physical and chemical properties of materials.
• b) Terminology and symbols (standard symbols must be used for universal interpretation).
• c) Calculation methods, materials testing, measurement, and usage.

Certification is the action carried out by a recognized, independent organization, testifying that a company, product, process, service, or person meets the requirements defined in standards.

A standard is a document containing technical agreements made between manufacturers, users, and technical groups... Continue reading "Engineering Standardization, Tolerances, and ISO System Fits" »

Developing Motor Skills

Rolling, Crawling, and Creeping:

• Spins about its longitudinal axis is one more automated motor pattern at 6 months.
• Creeping usually occurs around 5 months.
• From 6 to 8 months, infants are capable of creeping effectively.
• Crawling starts around 8 to 10 months.

Walking:

• The first steps are a constant search for equilibrium and stability.
• Standing upright at 12 months and starting to walk around 14/15 months; there is great variability in their first steps from 9 to 18 months, depending on development.

Running:

• The first actions similar to running appear as an uncontrolled gait around 18/20 months.
• By age 5, children can run with some ease.

Jumping:

• After an acceptable performance level in gait, around age 4, jumping becomes possible

Running Technique and Speed Development

Understanding the Running Stride

No two athletes run exactly the same way. However, we can distinguish athletes based on their running style. Running technique is based on biomechanical principles that enhance performance. Let's examine the key components of a stride:

• Stride: A full cycle from when the foot loses contact with the ground until it makes contact again. It consists of two steps.
• Stride Length: The distance between successive foot placements.
• Stride Frequency: The number of strides taken within a specific distance or time.

Phases of the Stride

1. Impulse: This phase results from the extension of the foot and knee, initiated when the hip drives forward. The opposite leg, the 'free' leg, folds up, creating

Developing Travel Speed Components

This quality depends on the balance of all components: frequency, amplitude, speed endurance, and technique, as well as an adequate speed of execution, which leads to good acceleration determined by contractile speed. Considering these components:

Stride Length

Improved through exercises that work driving ability, such as multihops without light burden or long jumps. Similarly, exercises to improve joint range using downhill slopes with wide steps, progressions extending the stride, and flexibility work are beneficial.

Frequency of Movements

Closely tied to stride length, a balance must be found. Develop this through segmental movements at maximum speed using multiple repetitions. This involves techniques like... Continue reading "Improving Athletic Speed: Components and Training Methods" »

Physical Activity and Training

Training is the set of practices aimed at regulating and improving performance over time.

Training Objectives

• Motivation
• Positive thinking

Sports Training

• Fitness training
• Technical and tactical training

Training Maintenance

Maintaining fitness or engaging in physical activity.

Fitness Training

Motor Skills

Allow individuals to perform movements with full efficiency.

Loading or Work

Training exercises are based on volume and intensity.

Recovery or Rest

There are two types: complete and incomplete, passive and active.

Fatigue

A state transition created in the body due to effort.

Performance

Act Selye

A stimulus in the body produces a stress reaction, generating a reaction that increases performance.

Schultz Law

Each person has an initial... Continue reading "Physical Activity, Training, and Fitness: A Comprehensive Overview" »