Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Physical Activity and Training

Training is the set of practices aimed at regulating and improving performance over time.

Training Objectives

• Motivation
• Positive thinking

Sports Training

• Fitness training
• Technical and tactical training

Training Maintenance

Maintaining fitness or engaging in physical activity.

Fitness Training

Motor Skills

Allow individuals to perform movements with full efficiency.

Loading or Work

Training exercises are based on volume and intensity.

Recovery or Rest

There are two types: complete and incomplete, passive and active.

Fatigue

A state transition created in the body due to effort.

Performance

Act Selye

A stimulus in the body produces a stress reaction, generating a reaction that increases performance.

Schultz Law

Each person has an initial... Continue reading "Physical Activity, Training, and Fitness: A Comprehensive Overview" »

Prions and Disease Transmission

Prions are viral proteins that cause diseases. Direct transmission is not common, but the disease can appear several years after exposure to surgical instruments, needles, or other objects used on infected corpses. Therefore, it is crucial to destroy these instruments. STH or GH, this hormone found in the pituitary of dead bodies, requires disinfection of equipment to prevent contamination of the conjunctiva and injured nerve or blood tissue.

Tuberculosis Transmission and Disinfection

Tuberculosis is transmitted through inhalation. When handling fresh infected lungs, they should be perfused with sliced formalin before using routine disinfectants. This increases the time for disinfestation.

Other Infections and Handling

Principles of Training

The capabilities we all possess are capable of being improved by training. A training system has to be customized based on the needs and requirements of each individual.

Organic Adaptation

The adaptation mechanisms that training produces in the human body will result from the cause-effect relationship between physical stimuli and the response each of us is capable of giving to these stimuli, as a function of their nature and their genetic characteristics.

Adaptation is the functional and morphological modification that occurs progressively in our body due to the application of training loads or simply due to adaptation to the environment in which we live.

The training principles are the guidelines to be followed for the equipment... Continue reading "Training Principles for Optimal Physical Condition" »

Locomotor System

Bones

The skeletal system consists of 200 bones.

• Long Bones: Femur, ulna, radius
• Short Bones: Vertebrae, phalanges
• Flat Bones: Shoulder blade, skull bones, pelvis
• Irregular Bones: Facial bones

Composition of Bones

Mineralized connective tissue

• Cells (2%):
  • Osteocytes: Mature cells
  • Osteoclasts: Destroy tissue
  • Osteoblasts: Create tissue
• Fibers (95%): Tropocollagen
• Fundamental Substance (3%): H₂O

Structure of Bones

• Compact Bone Tissue: In diaphysis (long bones) and flat outer layers
  • Osteons: Small vessels that make up the bone
  • Yellow Marrow: Consisting of fat, feeds the cells

Functions of Bones

• Support the body
• Protect vital organs
• Facilitate movement with joints and muscles
• Store minerals
• Manufacture red blood cells

Joints

• Synarthrosis: Fixed, no movement,

Quinometrica Assessment Instruments

Observation and Evaluation of Motor Patterns (McClenagham and Gallahue)

Catching a Ball

• Initial Stage:
  • The thumbs remain facing each other.
  • The hands attempt to catch the ball with a simultaneous but poorly coordinated grasp.
  • The palms are turned up.
  • The fingers are stretched and strained.
  • Hands are not effectively used to intercept the ball.
  • Arms remain relaxed at the sides or outstretched in front of the body.
  • Gives up arm movement upon contact to absorb the force of the ball.
• Intermediate Stage:
  • The hands take the ball with a simultaneous and well-coordinated catch.
  • The fingers make more effective pressure.
  • The hands are facing each other with thumbs up.
  • The arms are adapted to the path of the ball.
  • The elbows are kept

Indirect Calorimetry Basics

Overall Energy Consumption

Indirect calorimetry determines energy consumption by measuring O₂ consumption and CO₂ production. It uses the equation: Food + O₂ → CO₂ + H₂O, and also accounts for urinary nitrogen (~1g urinary N represents the oxidation of 6.25g protein).

The amount of calories produced per liter of O₂ in metabolism is relatively constant, regardless of whether the fuel used is carbohydrates, lipids, or proteins.

Limitations and Applications

Various physiological situations can alter the body's gas exchange and affect energy expenditure estimations. These include changes in acid-base balance due to acidosis or hyperventilation (including hiccups).

Respiratory Quotient (RQ)

RQ = VCO₂ / VO₂. This ratio indicates... Continue reading "Indirect Calorimetry: Measuring Energy Expenditure & Metabolism" »

GAME-LIKE ACTIVITY

Concept of play action, pastime, or fun. Importance of Play in the Educational Process. The game is critical in the development and growth of the individual, and its absence will affect their adaptation and socialization to real life. The game can be understood from three perspectives:

• As a study: The game is a content block.
• As a methodological strategy: The game is a motivating activity as a means of globalizing.
• Interrelated contents of Physical Education with other areas.

The Game as a Function of Psychomotor Development and Age

From the cognitive perspective:

• Stage: Sensory Motor (0-2 years) Types of Play: Functional
• Stage: Pre-operational (2-6 years) Game Types: Functional, Symbolic, and Construction
• Stage: Concrete Operations

The humanities and social sciences deal with aspects of life and human beings. They utilize specialized organization. These language, lexical, and textual resources can communicate knowledge in a rigorous and diverse way, such as impersonal formulas. The first person of the plural is used as an expression of modesty. Also, exclamation marks or other concepts that introduce subjectivity are avoided. The texts are argued with short phrases. The following summarizes the characteristics of these texts.

Text Types

Test

Discloses knowledge on the topic with brevity. It combines exposition and argumentation, presents some ideas, and establishes their validity.

Exposition

Presents a set of information. The text is clear, brief, and orderly. The use of appropriate... Continue reading "Humanities and Social Sciences: Characteristics of Academic Texts" »

Data Management for Business Success

Effective data management is crucial. Company information, when properly configured and organized, becomes a valuable asset. Haphazardly piled data is unusable when needed. Data helps a company and must be stored and organized for easy and accurate retrieval.

Types of Business Information

The information a company may require can be categorized as:

• Internal: The quality of internal information depends on the business organization's ability to capture, process, and store it.
• External: External information is generated outside the company and affects it. Access to such data is essential for identifying opportunities and staying ahead of the competition.

Not all data is significant at all levels of an organization.... Continue reading "Effective Data Management: Optimizing Business Decisions" »