Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Basketball Fundamentals: Rules, History, and Gameplay

Basketball History and Core Rules

1. Who invented basketball?

   James Naismith

2. In what year was basketball invented?

   1891

3. What was the original purpose of the backboard?

   As a protection to prevent spectators from interfering with the ball's entry into the basket.

4. How long does a professional basketball game last in Spain?

   Four periods of 10 minutes, with two 2-minute breaks and one 15-minute halftime break.

5. How many personal fouls lead to a player's ejection?

   Five, and the player can be replaced.

6. When is a double dribble committed?

   When a player dribbles the ball with two hands, or when a player stops dribbling, catches the ball, and then dribbles again.

7. What are the standard court dimensions?

   15 x 28 meters

8. How

Health: A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.

Recommended Physical Activity

Minimum recommended physical activity for profit: A minimum of three hours a week, with sessions of at least forty minutes each. Approximately 95% should be light aerobic exercise, with 5% dedicated to medium-intensity exercise and strength building. Include joint flexibility (stretching) and coordination/balance exercises in all sessions.

Benefits of Exercise

Benefits of exercise on the cardiac system: Exercise strengthens muscles and helps reduce surrounding fat.

Benefits in the joint system: More efficient breathing increases oxygenation and reduces stress on respiratory muscles.

Joint benefits: Lowers... Continue reading "Health and Fitness: Exercise, Nutrition, and Sports" »

Classification of Training Systems

Training systems are broadly categorized into natural systems and artificial (or structured) systems. Natural systems refer to those that occur organically in nature. Artificial systems, on the other hand, require specific characteristics, structured environments, and are often divided by various components or phases.

General Classification Adopted

The general classification we will adopt includes:

• Continuous Systems: Performed without pause.
• Fractional Systems: Characterized by dividing the training load into parts, separated by recovery breaks.
• Mixed Systems: Incorporate characteristics from both continuous and fractional approaches.

Continuous Systems

In principle, continuous system training is exemplified by continuous

Clearly different, with examples, the concepts of sensation and perception. Different types of sensation in terms of modality.

Perception is a more complex process than sensation. Sensation is merely a receptive process, the body's response to a stimulus. Perception is the degree of knowledge and sensory discrimination of those responses.

Through sensations, we get the sensory information needed to make adaptive responses compared to the surrounding world and about ourselves.

Explain the following concepts and/or terms:

Capacity for Symbolic Function: Representing something with symbols. The symbols are analytical and conventional signs.

Object Permanence: Ability to maintain an object in memory even if it is not present.

Synkinesias: Involuntary... Continue reading "Child Development: Sensation, Perception, Growth, and Learning" »

Resistance: The ability to sustain muscular effort for an extended period, delaying the onset of fatigue.

Oxygen Debt: The amount of oxygen that muscles should consume but haven't, directly related to the intensity and duration of exercise. Higher intensity and longer duration lead to greater oxygen consumption and debt.

Lactic Acid Concentration: Forms when there is an oxygen debt.

Ability to Absorb Oxygen: The capacity to breathe in, retain, and effectively utilize oxygen during muscular work.

Types of Resistance

1. Aerobic: Moderate intensity efforts of long duration, with a heart rate between 130 and 170 bpm. There is no significant oxygen debt.
2. Anaerobic: High-intensity efforts of short duration, with a heart rate exceeding 170 bpm, resulting in

English Vocabulary: Dawn to Dusk and Beyond

Words Starting with A-C

• Dawn: The first light of day.
• Dusk: The time of day immediately following sunset.
• Batty: Mentally irregular (slang term).
• Filthily: In a filthy, unclean manner.
• Nape: The back side of the neck.
• To heave: To rise and move, as in waves or billows.
• To toss: To agitate.
• Token: An individual instance of a type of symbol.
• Beckoning: To signal with the hands; to call.
• Charcoal: Carbonaceous material obtained by burning organic material in the absence of air.
• Moth: Nocturnal insect having a stout body and feathery antennae.

Words Starting with C-H

• To compel: To force one to do something.
• Stag: Adult male deer.
• Antler: Deciduous horn of a member of the deer family.
• To pull someone's leg: To tease someone.

Defining Physical Activity by Professional Role

For professionals in school education, the concept of physical activity is specific, incorporating technological purpose and various restrictions.

Physical Activity for School Education Professionals

For Teachers (Under 12 Years)

• Restriction 5: Subject: Under 12 years.
• Restriction 6: Purpose: Education.
• Restriction 7: Surroundings: School.
• Restriction 8: Intensity: Moderate to vigorous.

For Secondary Teachers (12 to 18 Years)

• Restriction 5: Subject: 12 to 18 years.
• Restriction 6: Purpose: Education.
• Restriction 7: Surroundings: Secondary education centers.
• Restriction 8: Intensity: Moderate to vigorous.

Physical education should provide a generic set of athletic skills. Students seek experience in a certain... Continue reading "Understanding Physical Activity Roles and Traditional Sport" »

The Power of Concentration for Well-being

Concentration is a fundamental practice that profoundly impacts our physical, mental, and spiritual health.

Benefits of Focused Attention

• Enhanced Breathing: Concentration on breathing enhances oxygen absorption into the bloodstream, significantly improving overall health.
• Energy Circulation: Focused body posture allows vital energy to circulate freely, offering both preventive and curative properties.
• Stress Reduction: Concentration reduces pressure, fostering deep relaxation and restoring vital energy balance.

Concentration in Meditation

In meditation, concentration directs attention to a specific object, preventing the uncontrolled release of thoughts. Directing light is a powerful symbol in this practice.... Continue reading "Cultivating Focus: A Path to Health and Inner Harmony" »

What is Volleyball?

Volleyball is a team sport where two teams of six players each face off on a flat court, separated by a central net. The objective is to pass the ball over the net into the opponent's court.

When Was Volleyball Created?

Volleyball was created in 1895 in Massachusetts, USA.

Who Created Volleyball?

William G. Morgan created volleyball.

Why Was Volleyball Created?

Volleyball was created because Morgan wanted a sport that could be played indoors and incorporate movements similar to basketball, but with less physical contact.

Olympic Debut and World Championships

The first Olympic volleyball matches were held in Tokyo, Japan, in 1964. However, world championships were held earlier: in 1949 for men and 1952 for women.

Purpose of Volleyball

The... Continue reading "Volleyball: History, Rules, and Gameplay" »

The Playing Field

The volleyball court is a rectangle 18 meters long by 9 meters wide, divided at its center by a net. The playing area extends into a free zone outside the court, provided the ball doesn't touch the ground or any other object. This free zone is at least 3 meters wide, but in international competitions, it's increased to 5 meters on the sidelines and 8 meters at the baselines. The free space above the court must be at least 7 meters, and up to 12.5 meters in international competitions.

A line 3 meters from the net in each court defines the attack zone, where actions are restricted for players in defensive roles (defenders and libero). These lines extend beyond the court with broken lines. All lines are 5 cm wide.

Players maintain... Continue reading "Volleyball: Court, Net, Ball, Attire, and Match Rules" »