Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Physical Education

Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)

Anatomy of SCI

Shifting and crushing injuries often involve two right angles. White matter, the fluid surrounding the spinal cord, can be pinched, leading to neuron loss. Even after correction, the cord may not fully recover, potentially resulting in loss of function below the injury site. The central canal may be affected. Improvement is possible over time, with the neck being the most susceptible area.

SCI Levels

Neck injuries are more common than thoracic injuries due to the ribs providing additional stability. Cervical injuries (C1-C3) can affect arms, hands, and breathing. C4 injuries impact neck and shoulder movement. C5 injuries limit elbow flexion and shoulder movement. C6 injuries allow wrist extension but limit... Continue reading "Spinal Cord Injury (SCI): Anatomy, Levels, and Rehabilitation" »

Immaculate Conception Academy and EAC Dasma

Established: October 19, 1947 (ICA), March 17, 1978 (EAC Dasma)

School Locations

• North: Salitran
• South: Langkaan
• East: Congressional Road
• West: Ibayo
• Plaza (Science HS): Bayan, Dasma

Key Personnel

• President: Jose Paulo E. Campus
• VP: Georgina B. Plamario
• Registrar: Shelly Anne C. Martinez
• Librarian: Ma. Teresa B. Santos
• Guidance: Horman C. Bri
• OSA: Kimbert M. Mack
• HR: Marisoll M. Remollo Mack
• SHS Principal: Ernesto U. Guillermo
• SHS Grade 11: Rora Jean V. Cabacici
• SHS Grade 12: Gorgonia R. Ofracio
• SHS School Clerk: Ellaine C. Delasco
• Journal: Myra de los Santos
• School Paper: Lawrence Trelia

Academic Strand Coordinators

• ABM: Jomari Diana
• TVL: Grace Oliveros
• STEM: Rafael Miranda
• HUMMS: Bea Joy Loraine Arcenio

School Anthem Lyrics

All... Continue reading "Immaculate Conception Academy EAC Dasma Details" »

Player Positions and Roles

The Goalkeeper: Defends the goal, throws the ball out quickly, and guides the team on forming walls.

The Defenders: Typically three or four per team, prevent opponents from overtaking them and getting between them and the goalkeeper. The central defender covers the central area and guards the opposing central striker. Defenders prevent the wings, who are coming in from their side, from entering.

The Midfielders: Attack and defend, constantly moving to distribute the play and link the defense.

The Center Fielders: Organize the attack and must have great physical endurance.

The Wings or Wing Backs: Score or create opportunities to score.

The Center Forward: Must be fast, agile, and skilled at shooting with both feet.

Match

AAHPER Youth Fitness Test

What is the AAHPER Youth Fitness Test?

The AAHPER Youth Fitness Test, developed in 1965 in the United States, is designed to assess the fitness levels of 17-year-old students. It helps physical education teachers and recreation leaders evaluate student performance and compare it to national norms.

Test Items

The test includes various items to measure different aspects of fitness. Here are two examples:

1. Pull-Ups (Boys) and Flexed-Arm Hang (Girls)

Pull-Ups (Boys): This test measures upper body strength and endurance. Boys perform as many pull-ups as possible without resting, ensuring their chin clears the bar with each repetition.

Flexed-Arm Hang (Girls): This test also assesses upper body strength and endurance. Girls hang... Continue reading "AAHPER Youth Fitness Test and Other Fitness Assessments" »

Physiological Changes Due to Aging

As we age, several physiological changes occur in our bodies. Here's a breakdown of the key changes:

Changes in the Nervous System

During aging, reaction and movement times slow down. The brain's weight, network size, and blood flow decrease.

Changes in the Gastrointestinal System

Aging leads to a reduction in the production of hydrochloric acid, digestive enzymes, and saliva. These changes can result in delayed stomach emptying and impaired swallowing. The breakdown and absorption of food may also be affected. The liver becomes less efficient in metabolizing drugs and repairing damaged cells.

Changes in the Urinary System

With age, kidney mass decreases, leading to reduced blood filtration. Bladder capacity decreases,... Continue reading "Physiological Changes and Factors in Aging and Fitness" »

Labor & Delivery Essentials for Nurses

Maternal & Fetal Assessments

• RhoGAM Administration: For Rh-negative mothers with Rh-positive babies.
• Direct Coombs Test: Performed on cord blood at delivery to detect antibodies on infant's red blood cells.
• Rupture of Membranes (ROM) Assessment:
  • BLUE Test: Positive pH (6.5 to 7.5) indicates amniotic fluid.
  • Typical amniotic fluid volume: 700-1000 mL.
• Fetal Station: Describes the descent of the fetal head in relation to the mother's ischial spines.
  • -1 to -5: Fetal head is above the ischial spines (pelvic inlet).
  • 0: Fetal head is at the ischial spines; baby is level and engaged in the pelvis.
  • +1 to +5: Fetal head is below the ischial spines, progressing towards crowning and emergence.
• Contraction Stress Test

Essential Human Body Parts: English-Spanish Vocabulary

This reference provides key terminology for the human body, including English terms, their Spanish translations, and brief functional descriptions.

Major External and Internal Body Parts (A-Z)

Ankle (Tobillo)

The joint connecting the leg and the foot.

Brain (Cerebro)

The organ responsible for thought, memory, and controlling the body.

Breast (Mama)

Used for feeding a baby (lactation).

Chest (Pecho)

The upper front part of the body, located below the neck, containing the heart and lungs.

Elbow (Codo)

The joint in the middle of the arm that allows the arm to bend.

Eyebrow (Ceja)

The strip of hair located above the eye.

Eyelash (Pestaña)

Small hairs located along the edge of the eyelid.

Eyelid (Párpado)

The

Scoring a Point

A team scores a point in the following ways:

• By successfully grounding the ball on the opponent’s court.
• When the opponent team commits a fault.
• When the opponent team receives a penalty.

Faults and Penalties

Defining a Fault

A team commits a fault by making a playing action contrary to the rules.

• If two or more faults are committed successively, only the first one is counted.
• If two or more faults are committed by opponents simultaneously, a Double Fault is called, and the rally is replayed.

The Rally

A rally is the sequence of playing actions from the moment of the service hit by the server until the ball is out of play. A completed rally is the sequence of playing actions which results in the award of a point.

• If the serving team wins

Part 3: Strategic Cooperation

The Rationale for Cooperation

Why cooperation? It may offer ways out of inefficient market solutions. For example, cooperation is crucial when:

• Buying inputs from a supplier.
• Deciding on price and quality of goods.
• Formulating advertising strategy in a competitive market.

Repeated Games

Definition: A strategy in a multi-stage game for Player I indicates, for each stage of the game and for each possible sequence of prior moves, how the player will move.

The Backward Induction Problem: Backward induction would typically imply an aggressive strategy only, because in the last stage, cooperation is not a Nash equilibrium. A way out of this dilemma is that it is often not obvious when the last round takes place. Therefore, backward... Continue reading "Strategic Cooperation in Repeated Games and Market Dynamics" »