Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

🔎 Threat Actors & Their Attack Paths

Who is attacking?

Threat Actors are the people or groups launching attacks. Mnemonic: “NO HIS” (Nation-State, Organized Crime, Hacktivists, Insiders, Script Kiddies).

How do threats reach systems?

Threat Vectors are the attack paths used by threat actors. Mnemonic: “MFWDVN” (Messages, Files, Websites, Devices, Vendors, Networks).

Understanding Servlet Architecture for Java Web Applications

Servlet architecture is a core component of Java EE (Enterprise Edition) used for building dynamic web applications. A Servlet is a Java class that runs on a web server and acts as a middle layer between client requests (typically from a browser) and server responses (usually from a database or application logic).

What is a Servlet?

A Servlet is a Java class used to handle HTTP requests and responses in web applications. It runs on a server, receives requests from a client (usually a browser), processes them (e.g., reads form data, interacts with a database), and sends back a dynamic response (like HTML or JSON).

Key Components of Servlet Architecture

• Client (Browser): Sends an HTTP request

Article 12: Defining "The State"

Key Principles of Article 12

• Inclusive Definition: Encompasses Government, Parliament, State Legislatures, local authorities, and other authorities.
• Purpose: Defines entities bound by Fundamental Rights in Part III of the Constitution.
• Judicial Evolution: Interpretation has evolved from narrow to broad.

The "Other Authorities" Test

Pradeep Kumar Biswas Test (2002)

• Focuses on Deep & Pervasive Control (DPC).
• Requires examination of cumulative facts showing financial, functional, and administrative domination.
• Control must be pervasive, not merely regulatory oversight.
• Refines the Ajay Hasia factors, emphasizing control.

Structuralism vs. Functionalism Debate

• Structuralism: Emphasizes formal links and control focus (dominant

Destination Management and Tourism Strategy Essentials

1. Destination Management Organization (DMO) Fundamentals

The TALF Framework in Destination Management

• Involvement
• Development
• Consolidation
• Stagnation

Key Roles of Destination Management Organizations (DMOs)

• Leadership & Coordination: Managing the destination mix.
• Planning & Research: Analyzing trends and future directions.
• Product Development: Managing the destination's tourism offerings.
• Marketing & Promotion: Attracting visitors and enhancing visibility.
• Building Strategic Partnerships: Collaborating with stakeholders.
• Positive Community Relations: Engaging with local residents.
• Managing Visitor Flow: Ensuring a smooth and sustainable visitor experience.

2. Strategic Planning in Tourism

Six

Money and Monetary System

• Money: An asset that serves three functions: medium of exchange, store of value, and unit of account.
• Fiat Currency: Money issued by a government with no physical backing (e.g., euro, dollar).
• Fiduciary Currency: Money based on trust, not intrinsic value (e.g., Bitcoin, checks).
• Ledger: An accounting record showing debts and transactions.
• Unit of Account: Allows expressing the price of goods/services (e.g., a coffee costs €2).

Cryptography

• Hash: A mathematical function that converts data into a unique and irreversible digital fingerprint.
• Asymmetric Cryptography: Uses a pair of keys (public and private) to encrypt and decrypt messages.
• Digital Signature: Proves that a message was sent by a specific user and has not been modified.

Music: Soundtrack

People Who Act: Cast

People Watching in the Studio: A Live Audience

People Working on the Programme: Crew

Storyline: Plot

Broadcasting Right Now: On Air

Shot in a Real Place: Filmed on Location

A Person Who Writes the Dialogue in a Film: A Scriptwriter

Computer Graphics: Special Effects

Scenery and Furniture: Set

Very Exciting: Gripping

Very Funny: Hilarious

Believable: Convincing; Very Bad: Appalling

Kidnapping: Taking Somebody by Force; Arson: Setting Fire on Purpose

Life Sentence: Prison for Life; Vandalism: Damaging Property

Fine: Paying Money as Punishment; Community Service: Community Service

Burglary: Breaking in to Steal; Tax Evasion: Not Paying Taxes

Piracy: Stealing Digital Content

Depressing and Frightening: Gloomy; Confusing: Baffling

Deep... Continue reading "Understanding Film and Media Terminology" »

Sequelae Untreated Maloc:1)Poor esthetics-2)caries-3)periodontal dis-4)Subs maloc more severe-5)mastication extraload digestive-6)swallowing-7)respiratory-8)TMJ-9)speech-10)Interference normal craniofacial growth-11)accidental fracture ant-12)Bruxism & clenching-13)Impaction cystic

Uses digital model:1)Visualization & Examination-2)Digital Space Cast Analysis & Measurements-3)Treatment Simulation & Patient Education-4)Bracket Positioning-5)Orthodontic Appliance Fabrication/Adv Digital Models:1)storage problems-2)easy diagnostic setups-3)accessible from multiple locations-4)easy shared-5)No risk breakage-5)easily manipulated-6)measurements less time & effort -7)Allows superimposition images treatment results-8)easy communication

CBCT

Response to Orthodontic Pressure

Light Pressure (<1 second to Hours)

• Less than 1 second: PDL fluid is incompressible; alveolar bone bends, and a piezoelectric signal is generated.
• 1-2 seconds: PDL fluid is expressed; the tooth moves within the PDL space.
• 3-5 seconds: Blood flow within the PDL is partially compressed on the pressure side and dilated on the tension side.
• Minutes: Blood flow is altered, and oxygen tension begins to change.
• Hours: Metabolic changes and chemical messengers affect cellular activity.
• Less than 4 hours: Cellular differentiation begins within the PDL.
• 2 days: Tooth movement occurs as osteoclasts and osteoblasts remodel bone.

Heavy Pressure (<1 second to 7-14 days)

• Less than 1 second: PDL fluid is incompressible; alveolar

This educational resource details Ethereum, a decentralized blockchain platform launched in 2015, focusing on its key features, accounts, smart contracts, transactions, and consensus mechanisms.

Ethereum Fundamentals

Ethereum is a blockchain platform that supports smart contracts—immutable computer programs executed on the Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM). It uses Ether (ETH) as its native cryptocurrency to pay for transaction processing and smart contract execution.

Ethereum Accounts and Wallets

Account Types

• Externally-Owned Accounts (EOAs): Controlled by private keys, used primarily for transactions like ETH transfers. Public keys are derived using Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).
• Contract Accounts: Controlled by smart contract code, deployed

Pharmacology Fundamentals

Pharmacokinetics: What the Body Does to the Drug

Phases:

1. Absorption – How a drug enters the bloodstream

2. Distribution – How a drug travels through the body

3. Metabolism – How a drug is broken down (mainly in the liver)

4. Excretion – How a drug leaves the body (mainly through the kidneys)

🧠 Memory Trick: ADME — Absorb, Deliver, Metabolize, Exit

Pharmacodynamics: What the Drug Does to the Body

• Describes how a drug works at the target site

• Involves receptor binding, enzyme interactions, and therapeutic vs. side effects

Examples:

• Beta blockers bind to beta receptors → slow heart rate

• Insulin binds to insulin receptors → lowers blood sugar

Drug Release Types: ER, IR, SR, XL, CR