Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Old Regime

• Agriculture: Continues with feudalism. Land is the basis. Problem: growing population.
• Craftsmanship: Controlled by guilds and follows steps to produce.
• Foreign Trade: Controlled by the state and monopolized (king has all power).
• Innovations: Domestic system.
• Social Structure: Three Estates system - privileged and non-privileged.
• Politics: From modern state to absolutism, increasing king's power.
• Culture: Religion justifies society and politics.

Enlightenment

Small changes in the Old Regime: keep monarchy but remove absolute power.

• Thinkers: Bourgeoisie and nobles.
• Context: In France and America in the 18th century.

Ideas

• Everything based on reason.
• Follow experiments.
• Progress and constant improvements.
• Follow happiness.

Thinkers

• Locke: Natural rights

Northern Europe

UK, Ireland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Denmark. Northern Europe consists of two regions: the British Isles and Scandinavia. In the far north lies the scenic Scandinavian Peninsula. The Jutland Peninsula forms the mainland part of Denmark and extends into the North Sea. Flat plains or low hills make up most of the peninsula's interior.

Great Britain

Largest island in Europe. The UK comprises four countries: England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

England

Largest division in the UK.

English Channel

Separates the island from continental Europe.

Ireland

Added in 1801. Northern Ireland stayed.

The Channel Tunnel

The Eurotunnel is a railway tunnel that connects Folkestone with Coquelles beneath the English Channel at the... Continue reading "Exploring Northern Europe: Geography, Culture, and Language" »

A

Arise > Arose > Arisen > Surgir, Levantarse
Awake> Awoke > Awoken > Despertarse
Be > Was/Were > Been > Ser / Estar

B

Bear> Bore > Borne/Born > Soportar, dar a luz
Beat> Beat > Beaten > Golpear
Become> Became > Become > Llegar a Ser
Begin> Began > Begun > Empezar
Bend> Bent > Bent > Doblar
Bet> Bet > Bet > Apostar
Bind > Bound > Bound > Atar, encuadernar
Bid > Bid > Bid > Pujar
Bite> Bit > Bitten > Morder
Bleed > Bled > Bled > Sangrar
Blow > Blew > Blown > Soplar
Break > Broke > Broken > Romper
Breed > Bred > Bred > Criar
Bring > Brought > Brought > Traer/Llevar
Broadcast > Broadcast >... Continue reading "Complete List of Irregular Verbs in English" »

The Scientific Method

1. How to Ask a Question?

2. Formulate a Hypothesis

3. Investigation Design (Experimentation)

4. Observe, Measure, and Collect Data

5. Analyze and Perform Results using data tables

6. Contrast Your Hypothesis

7. Share Results and Draw a Conclusion

Fundamental Units

Length: meter (m) Mass: kilogram (kg)

Time: second (s) Temperature: kelvin (K)

Derived Units

Area: square meter (m²) Volume: cubic meter (m³)

Speed: meters per second (m/s)

Acceleration: meters per second square (m/s²)

1 atm: 760 mmHg, 1013 mb, 101325 Pa

King Solomon's Wisdom: A Tale of Truth and Maternal Love

Two mothers appeared before King Solomon with two children, one of them dead. Both disputed the living child, each declaring their legitimate motherhood. The king ordered that they divide the living child in two and give half to each woman. The real mother, overcome with sadness, relinquished her claim. Solomon, demonstrating his wisdom, awarded her the child, recognizing her as the true mother.

The Complexities of Truth and Lies

Truth and lies are often intertwined. King Solomon initially struggled to discern which woman was lying. Lies are often disguised as truth, so perfectly that they are difficult to detect. Ingenuity and careful observation are needed to unmask deception.

The Corrosive

Ecosystem

An ecosystem is a community of plants and animals (living things) that interact with each other and their natural surroundings, including non-living things such as rocks, water, and air. Each ecosystem is sustained by a flow of energy through it and the recycling of nutrients within it.

Community

When plants and animals live together, they form a community.

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the process in which plants absorb CO₂ from the air and convert it into sugar using the sun's energy.

Biomes

Biomes are large ecosystems at the global scale where the climate and vegetation are uniform.

Xerophytic Plants

Xerophytes are plants that have adapted by altering their physical structure to survive in harsh climates. These plants exhibit several... Continue reading "Introduction to Ecosystems and Ecology" »

English Grammar Cheat Sheet

Verb Tenses

Present Simple

Use: routines, permanent situations

Form:

• verb + -s (third person singular)
• do/does + not + verb (negative)
• Do/Does + subject + verb? (question)

Present Continuous

Use: actions happening right now, actions happening in the future (arranged)

Form: am/is/are + verb + -ing

Present Perfect

Use:

• Actions that started in the past and continue in the present
• Actions completed in the past, but we don't say when
• Recent past actions

Form: have/has + past participle (-ed)

Present Perfect Continuous

Use:

• Actions that started in the past and have not finished
• Actions that happened repeatedly in the past and have an effect in the present
• To say how long an action has been in progress

Form: have/has + been + verb + -ing

Past

–-Present= -present simple+adverbio de frecuencia(She often goes to work by bicycle) -will+adverbio de frecuencia(He will sometime go to the gym)

–Past= -past simple+adverbios de frecuencia(I always had milk before bed when i was young) -would(‘d)(every sumer we would go to the same hotel)(con estate verbs no se usa-solo acciones) -used to(negative didn’t use to)(I used to have piano lessons(ya no las tengo)) Would no se utiliza con stative verbs para stative verbs used to

–-Criticizing habitual actions= -situaciones habituales que nos molestan -present/past continuous+adverb(always-constantly..)(She always complaining about her job) -para enfatizar usamos will/would(she will stay up late watching tv)