Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

English Vocabulary: Social Action and Community Engagement

Unit 4: Social Action Vocabulary

• Attend a rally: asistir a una manifestación
• Appeal: recurrir
• Campaign
• Campaigner
• Charity
• Donate / Donation
• Fundraising event: evento para recaudar fondos
• Fundraiser: recaudador de fondos
• Go on a march: ir a una marcha
• Raise awareness of: concienciar / sensibilizar
• Raise funds / money: recaudar fondos
• Sign a petition: firmar una petición
• Sit-in: sentada
• Sponsor: patrocinar
• Sponsorship: patrocinio / apadrinamiento
• Take part in a [cause/event]
• Volunteer
• Voluntary work

Unit 4: Key Collocations

• Animal charity
• Beach clean-up
• Cancer research
• Computer game
• Death penalty
• Endangered species
• Free debate
• Homeless person
• Informed decision
• Political engagement: compromiso político
• Legal age:

BPSK Signal Generation

This section demonstrates the generation of a Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) signal using Python.

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

def bpsk_detect(modulated_signal, carrier):
    return np.sign(modulated_signal * carrier)

message_frequency = 10
carrier_frequency = 20
sampling_frequency = 30 * carrier_frequency
t = np.arange(0, 4/carrier_frequency, 1/sampling_frequency)
message = np.sign(np.cos(2 * np.pi * message_frequency * t) + np.random.normal(scale = 0.01, size = len(t)))
carrier = np.cos(2 * np.pi * sampling_frequency/carrier_frequency * t)
modulated_signal = carrier * message
detected_message = bpsk_detect(modulated_signal, carrier)

plt.figure(figsize=(12, 8))
plt.subplot(4, 1, 1)
plt.plot(t,

Understanding Hybristophilia: Attraction to Criminals

Key Terminology Related to Hybristophilia

• Heinous: Horrible, extremely evil (atroz).
• Assault: A violent physical attack (agresión).
• Paraphilia: A condition characterized by abnormal sexual desire or activities (parafilia).
• Notoriety: The state of being famous or well-known, especially for something bad (mala fama).
• Hostage: A prisoner taken (rehén).
• Oppressor: One who treats people cruelly.
• Reciprocity: A mutual exchange of benefits, help, and support in a relationship.
• Susceptible: Easily influenced.
• Obscure: Not clear.
• Deed: An act (acción o hecho).
• Captor: One who takes a hostage.
• Allure: Attraction, charm (atraer).

Defining Hybristophilia

The term Hybristophilia is derived from the Greek roots:... Continue reading "Defining Hybristophilia, Sharenting, and Health Concepts" »

Church of La Vera Cruz, Segovia (12th Century)

• Centralized scheme floorplan
• Based on Dome of the Rock & Holy Sepulchre
• Central edicule
• Three apses head
• Quadrilateral bell tower
• Twelve-sided plan
• Two floors
• Buttresses
• Ribbed vault & Caliphal dome

Holy Sepulchre, Torres del Rio, Navarra (12th Century)

• C Templarios
• Octagonal plan
• Tower to get to the lantern
• Mudejar precedents
• Arabic star-shaped dome
• Apse in East
• Archivolts
• Parallel ribs
• Stone dome
• Pointed/midpoint arches

Templarios de Eunate Church, Navarra (12th Century)

• External cloister enclosing the Church
• East apse
• Tower with spiral stairs
• Ribs in dome pass through center
• Octagonal plan
• Dome starts in columns
• Midpoint arch

Cathedrals of St. James (11th Century)

• Central nave with barrel vaults
• Arches and transversal

Visigothic Architecture (7th Century)

• Key characteristics: Austerity, simplicity, portico, nave, transept, north/south portico, presbytery, apse.

San Pedro de la Nave, Zamora

• Greek or Latin cross plan within a rectangle
• Influenced by Greek and Roman precedents
• Small scale and spaces
• Reflects a simpler technique, indicative of a decline in craftsmanship
• Reassembled in a different location
• Naive or stylized sculptures
• Thick walls
• Lantern at the geometrical center

San Juan de Baños, Palencia

• Three naves
• Commissioned by King Recesvinto
• Monolithic interior columns
• Appendix (or side chapels)
• Pointed horseshoe arches
• Constructed with yellow sandstone ashlar
• Trident floor plan

Quintanilla de las Viñas, Burgos

• Latin cross plan
• Three naves
• One transept
• Features vegetal motifs
• Animal

Conditionals

Zero Conditional

If + present simple, ... present simple

First Conditional

If + present simple, ... will + infinitive

Second Conditional

If + past simple, ... would + infinitive

Third Conditional

If + past perfect, ... would + have + past participle

The Passive Voice (Active/Passive)

Present Simple

Active: The waiter serves the customers.

Passive: The customers are served by the waiter.

Present Continuous

Active: The waiter is serving the customers.

Passive: The customers are being served by the waiter.

Past Simple

Active: The waiter served the customers.

Passive: The customers were served by the waiter.

Past Continuous

Active: The waiter was serving the customers.

Passive: The customers were being served by the waiter.

Present Perfect Simple

Active:... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide: Conditionals, Passive Voice, and More" »

Common Oral Benign Lesions and Tumors

6. Peripheral Giant Cell Granuloma (PGCG)

Reactive lesion.

Key Features:

• Prevalence: More common in females and older individuals.
• Site: Exclusively on the gingiva or alveolar mucosa.
• Etiology: Local irritation or trauma.

Clinical Characteristics:

• Color: Dark red.
• Surface: Often hemorrhagic and may be ulcerated.
• Appearance: Sessile or pedunculated mass.

Radiographic Features (X-ray):

• May show superficial bone resorption, sometimes described as "saucerization" or a "cupping effect".
• Can appear as an ill-defined radiolucent (RL) area if bone is involved.

Histopathology:

Characterized by three zones:

1. Zone of Hyperplastic Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Often shows acanthosis and hyperkeratosis.
2. Giant Cell-Free Zone: A band

Connectors of Addition

• And: y
• Secondly: En segundo lugar
• Then / Next: Después / Luego
• Also / Too: También
• As well as: Además de
• Moreover / Furthermore: Además / Es más
• In fact / As a matter of fact: De hecho
• Actually: En realidad / De hecho
• Anyway: En cualquier caso / De todas formas
• Besides: Además / Aparte
• By the way: A propósito / Por cierto
• In other words: En otras palabras
• That is to say: O sea / Es decir
• In addition: Además
• Such as: Como / Por ejemplo
• Like: Como / Por ejemplo
• Above all: Sobre todo
• Or rather: O / O mejor

Adversative Connectors

• But: Pero
• However: Sin embargo
• Nonetheless / Nevertheless: No obstante
• Yet / Even so: Sin embargo / Aun así
• Still: De todas maneras
• Instead: En lugar de
• Whereas / While: Mientras que
• On the contrary: Al contrario
• On

5. Describe what is electrodeposition, describe the different Experimental methods. Give examples. Advantages and disadvantages. It is the process of production a coating, usually Metallic, on a surface by the action of an electric current._Experimental Methods::-Electroplating: It is a plating process in which metal ions in a Solution are moved by an electric field to coat an electrode. Metallic cations From a solution are reduced on a conductive object (to form a thin layer).-Electrophoretic Deposition:Colloidal particles suspended in a liquid migrate under the Influence of an electric field (electrophoresis) and are deposited onto an Electrode._Advantages: uniform coating thicknen,easy control,high speed of Coating and high pucity._Disadvantages:

Classical Music Era: Forms, Instruments, Reforms

Defining the Classical Period (Mid-18th to Early 19th)

The Classical period in music spans from the mid-18th to the early 19th century, generally marked by the death of J.S. Bach in 1750 and the premiere of Beethoven's Third Symphony, Eroica, in 1805.

Operatic Reforms by Christoph Willibald Gluck

Operatic reforms during the Classical period were primarily led by the composer Christoph Willibald Gluck, who sought to simplify opera and make it more dramatically coherent.

Key Musical Forms of the Classical Period

• Concerto: A musical composition where one solo instrument plays a leading role, accompanied by an orchestra.
• Symphony: A large-scale work of music composed specifically for an orchestra, typically