Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

Probation Officer

Investigation and Supervision

Jeremy Bentham

The Panopticon (New Type of Prison Layout)

Anomie/Strain Theory

Excessive Materialism as a Limited Means to Success

Quakers

Hard labor. 13th Amendment -> Section 1 allows prison slavery.

Prisoner vs. prisoner violence: rate of 28 per 1000

50 state systems (92% of all facilities) + federal, private (8%)

Main goal of corrections: to protect the public

(United States) Prison population: 25%

60% on probation in the US system

Intensive supervision, $70 billion, official immunity, absconding --> reasons for probation revocation

School of Thought: Cause and Effect

Positivists, labeling theory --> Stigmatization

Michael Walker

Prison in California, stayed 165 days (6 months), contemporary pain... Continue reading "The American Prison System: History, Theories, and Challenges" »

*Barbie* Movie Review: Margot Robbie Shines in a Feminist Take

A Deep Dive into Barbieland and Beyond

Barbie, directed by Greta Gerwig, brings the iconic doll to life in a refreshing cinematic experience. The film stars Margot Robbie as the titular Barbie, alongside Ryan Gosling as Ken, and, naturally, all the types of Barbie you can imagine. Barbie lives an ideal life in Barbieland. Everything is perfect there, with parties full of music and color, and every day is the best day.

Of course, Barbie asks herself some uncomfortable questions that don't fit with the idyllic world in which she and the other Barbies live. When Barbie realizes that she is able to place her heels on the ground and have flat feet, she decides to put on some shoes and travel... Continue reading "Barbie Movie Review: Margot Robbie Shines in a Feminist Take" »

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act

The Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites and Remains (AMASR) Act is an important piece of legislation in India that aims to preserve and protect the country's rich heritage and cultural assets.

• The act was passed in 1958 and has since undergone several amendments to keep pace with changing times.

Overview of the AMASR Act

The AMASR Act defines an "ancient monument" as any structure or building, cave, sculpture, inscription, or monolith that is of historical, archaeological, or artistic interest.

• The act aims to protect such monuments and ensure their preservation for future generations.
• It applies to all monuments that are over 100 years old, whether they are in public or

Environment Protection Act (EPA) of 1986

India's original Constitution did not contain any provision for the protection of the natural environment. However, the Fundamental Duties, which were added by the 42nd Amendment to the Constitution, prescribed the protection of the environment, including forests, lakes, rivers, and wildlife, as a duty of the citizens of the country.

This amendment also added new Directive Principles of State Policy, one of which was Article 48A, which directed the State to protect and improve the environment and to safeguard forests and wildlife.

These developments were a result of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, held in Stockholm in 1972. First, the Wildlife Protection Act 1972 was enacted. Then, the... Continue reading "Environment Protection Act 1986: Key Provisions & Aims" »

Curriculum Development

Curriculum development is the process of constructing, collecting, or assimilating content material and learning experiences for learners.

According to Roger and Taylor, "Curriculum development describes all the ways in which a training or teaching organization plans and guides learning. This learning can take place in groups or individually, inside or outside a classroom, and in institutional settings like schools, colleges, or training centers. It is central to the teaching and learning process."

Curriculum development involves activities such as:

• Conceptualizing the curriculum.
• Selecting and organizing content material or learning experiences.
• Suggesting methods and ways of providing these experiences.
• Evaluating learning

Winston Churchill's Leadership During World War II

1. Early Challenges and Controversies

In fact, Churchill's job was to ensure the safe arrival of British merchant ships, which were hunted down by German U-boats. However, instead of listening to the key experts at the Navy, Churchill decided to seek out and attack the U-boats, leaving the merchant ships without protection. To convince the public that the British Navy was on top of the U-boat threat, Churchill publicly lied, claiming that the British Navy managed to sink half of the U-boats sent by Germany, while knowing for a fact that they had only sunk 9 out of 57 U-boats. When his claims were questioned or challenged by experts on German submarines, Churchill fired them. Churchill's ruthless... Continue reading "Winston Churchill's Leadership in WWII" »

Chartism: A Working-Class Movement

Chartism was a working-class movement that emerged in 19th-century Britain, advocating for political reform and social justice. The working-class people, who were not among the wealthiest, aimed to create a fairer society for themselves and others like them. They were named Chartists after the People's Charter.

Origins of Chartism

Chartism emerged in London in 1836 and quickly expanded across the country, with its most active period between 1838 and 1848. The Chartists publicized their demands through meetings and pamphlets. Several factors contributed to its rise:

• Rapid urbanization in British society led to unsanitary living conditions and long working hours for the working class.
• Only a small portion of the

Classical Conditioning Terms

The Russian Revolution: Key Events, Causes, and Outcomes

The February Revolution (1917)

The uprising in Petrograd (St. Petersburg) in February 1917 culminated in the February Revolution. The monarchy fell and was replaced by two bodies:

1. The Provisional Government: Created to organize elections for a Duma. Alexander Kerensky took control of this government.
2. The Petrograd Soviet: Represented the workers and soldiers.

The Bolshevik Slogan

The Bolsheviks' slogan was:

• Peace: An end to World War I.
• Bread: Relief from the prevalent hunger.
• Land: Redistribution of land owned by the aristocracy.

The October Revolution (1917)

The Bolsheviks seized power in an uprising planned by Leon Trotsky, the president of the Petrograd Soviet. The Bolsheviks formed a new government,... Continue reading "Russian Revolution: Key Events, Causes, and Outcomes" »

Ethics as a Whole: A Moral Reasoning: Formula

Moral principle + Action = Moral value. Applying a moral principle to an action we are able to come up with moral evolution Issues. There can be 3 problems with moral reasoning: 1. Consistency 2. Lack of facts 3. Sources of moral principles. Moral principle= Killing innocent people is evil. Action= Billy killed an innocent person. Value= Billy is an evil person. Objective — Universal— Always time. Subjective — Particular—Time-Space. Moral Relativism General Characteristic — The belief that moral principles are values created by each culture's customs and conventions. No objective moral values. Moral relativism can lack consistency as it can be based on your opinion and change with every... Continue reading "Understanding Moral Reasoning and Ethical Principles" »