Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems

English Grammar

Verb Tenses

Past Tense Transformations

• Present Simple (eats/eat) → Past Simple (ate)
• Don't/Doesn't → Didn't
• Present Continuous (am, is, are + v ing) → Past Continuous (was, were + v ing)
• Past Simple (-ed or irregular) → Past Perfect (had + past participle)
• Present Perfect (have, has + past participle) → Past Perfect
• Past Perfect (had + past participle) → Past Perfect
• Past Continuous (was, were + v ing) → Past Perfect Continuous (had + been + v ing)
• Present Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Past Perfect Continuous → Past Perfect Continuous
• Future: Will + infinitive → Would + infinitive
• Can → Could + infinitive
• Must/Have to → Had to + infinitive
• May → Might + infinitive

Changes in Reported Speech

• Now → Then
• Today

... Continue reading "English Grammar and Vocabulary Guide" »

1. What are the innermost layers of Earth?

The inner core is the innermost physical layer of the Earth. The core is the innermost chemical layer.

2. What evidence indicates that the outer core is liquid?

Evidence from earthquake waves indicates that the outer core is liquid.

3. How does Earth generate a magnetic field?

It surrounds Earth.

4. Compare the lithosphere and the asthenosphere

The lithosphere is a rigid layer. The asthenosphere is a plastic layer.

5. How is the crust different from the mantle?

The mantle has more iron. The crust is less dense than the mantle.

6. What are the four layers of the mantle?

• Lithosphere
• Asthenosphere
• Uppermost mantle
• Lower mantle

7. Which layer of the mantle has the greatest pressure? Explain

The lower mantle because pressure... Continue reading "Earth's Layers and Systems: Composition and Properties" »

Steps in Root End Surgery

• Local anesthesia and hemostasis
• Management of soft tissue
• Management of hard tissue
• Surgical access (visual and operative)
• Access to root structure
• Periradicular curettage
• Root end resection
• Root end preparation
• Root end filling
• Soft tissue repositioning and suturing
• Post-surgical care

Root End Preparation

Preparing a cavity to receive root end filling.

According to Carr and Bentkover, this involves a Class I preparation at least 3mm into root dentin with walls parallel to and coincident with the anatomic outline of the pulp space.

Key requirements:

1. The apical 3mm of the root canal must be freshly cleaned and shaped.
2. The preparation must be parallel to and coincident with the anatomic outline of the pulp space.
3. Adequate retention form

... Continue reading "Endodontic Surgery and Root Canal Procedures" »

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Applications

Pulp Therapy

• Pulp capping
• Furcation repair
• Strip perforation repair
• Root resorption repair
• Immature teeth
• Root end filling material

Elements of Pulp Regeneration

Therapy for exposed dental pulps using stem cells and a biofunctional scaffold, inhibiting or eliminating infection to facilitate pulp generation.

Nickel-Titanium (NiTi) Rotary Instruments

Advantages of NiTi Reciprocation

• Mimics manual movement
• Reduces risks associated with continuous rotation in curved canals

Types of Posts

1. Carbon fiber epoxy resin posts
2. Zirconia posts
3. Glass fiber reinforced posts
4. Ultra-high strength polyethylene fiber reinforced posts

Advantages of NiTi Rotary

• Gradual, evenly tapered radicular preparation
• Fewer instruments required
• Reduced

... Continue reading "Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) Applications & Luxation Injuries" »

Early Hominid Origins and Evolution

Definition of Hominid

• Bipedal: Walking on two feet.
• Non-honing Dentition: While humans have non-honing chewing, primates such as gorillas have a honing complex, in which their very large canines cut food. The upper canines are sharpened against the lower third premolars.

Skeletal Evidence for Bipedalism

Foramen magnum, pelvis, knees, feet: seven steps, position of the foramen magnum, shape of the spine, shape of the pelvis, length of the leg, valgus knee, longitudinal foot arch, opposable big toe.

Behavioral Advantages of Bipedalism

This helps to identify what species they were because not many can be bipedal.

Pre-Australopithecines (7-5 mya)

Example: "Ardi"

They have provided critically important information about... Continue reading "Early Hominid and Homo Evolution: A Deep Dive" »

Film Vocabulary

Key Terms

• Director
• Stuntman/woman
• Stunt
• Film star
• Script
• Star in a film
• Special effects
• Producer
• Plot
• Soundtrack
• Win an award
• Release a film
• Film a scene
• Screen

Grammar: Future Tenses

• Future Simple: will + base verb (e.g., Most films will probably be 3D.)
• Future with going to: is/are going to + base verb (e.g., James Cameron is going to release 3D versions of some old films.)

Vocabulary: Action Verbs

• Suggest
• Develop
• Equip
• Predict
• Advertise
• Educate
• Enjoy
• Possess
• Argue
• Decorate
• Connect
• Excite
• Inform
• Compete

Grammar: First Conditional

If + present simple, will + base verb (e.g., If I win, they will let me go to film school.)

Social Etiquette

Vocabulary: Social Interactions

• Bring a present
• Be late
• Click your fingers
• Interrupt a conversation
• Jump a queue
• Tell jokes
• Arrive

... Continue reading "Film and Social Etiquette: Vocabulary and Grammar Essentials" »

Distinctive Feature Theory

Distinctive Feature Theory challenges Phoneme Theory (PT) by focusing on the features that compose phonemes, rather than the phonemes themselves. This approach questions the validity of the phoneme concept, arguing that speech is not simply a series of discrete sounds.

Natural Class: A set of sounds sharing phonetic features, affected by the same environment, and having the same effect on surrounding sounds.

Major Class Features

• Vowels: [+SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [-CONSONANTAL] - form the syllable nucleus.
• Glides: [-SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [-CONSONANTAL].
• Sonorant Consonants (nasals and liquids): [+/-SYLLABIC], [+SONORANT], [+CONSONANTAL].
• Obstruents: [-SYLLABIC], [-SONORANT], [+CONSONANTAL].

Consonant Features

• Voice: [+/-VOICE]

... Continue reading "Phonetics and Phonology: Distinctive Features and Vowel Sounds" »

• A departing aircraft experiencing radio communication failure on an IFR flight under radar vectors has to: SQUAK 7600 AND THEREAFTER RETURN TO THE ROUTE INDICATED BY THE CURRENT FLIGHT PLAN IN THE MOST DIRECT MANER
• A message concerning aircraft parts and material urgently required is: A FLIGHT REGULARITY MESSAGE
• A message concerning an aircraft being threatened by grave and imminent danger, requiring immediate assistance is called: DISTRESS MESSAGE
• A message preceded by the phrase "Transmitting blind due receiver failure" shall be transmitted: ON THE FREQUENCY PRESENTLY IN USE
• A radiotelephony distress message should start with the following signal: MAYDAY, MAYDAY, MAYDAY
• A read back is not needed for the following message: WIND VELOCOTY
• Air traffic

... Continue reading "Carlitos gennav" »

Modernism: were inspired by the principles of Parnassianism (technical perfection and take flight from reality) and symbolism (use symbols and images to evoke reality through language). Features:-search for beauty (exotic)-defense of the aristocratic (symbol of the swan), escape in space and time (classical world mythology)-renewal of language, use cultism, sensory imagery.

Ruben Dario was a broadcaster of literary modernism as their status as a journalist and diplomat made him travel delivery Europa.Se equally sensual pleasure, friendships intellectuals, reading of the Romantics and Symbolists Parnassians.

1st stage: BLUE: This work is considered the initiator of modernist influences appear in her book consists of parnasianísmo.El prose... Continue reading "The sonatina" »

Orden of adjectives: O(opinion), S(size), SH(shape), A(age), C(colour), O(origin).
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FUTURE:
-Will: Predictions, opinions, spontaneous, decisions.
-Be going to: plans for the future, intention of future, predictions with evidence.
-Present continuous: Arrangements(preparativos), dates(fechas).
-Future continuous: S+WILL+BE+GERUND. Finished action in the future.
-Future perfect: S+WILL+HAVE+PAST PART. Completed action in the future
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Such...that / So...that:
Such + (a/an [singular]) + adjective + noun + that
It was such a cramped street that we couldn't walk.
So + adjective + that
The street was so cramped that we couldn't walk.

Conditional sentences:

First... Continue reading "Orden of adjectives, future, conditional sentences and wishes and regrets in English" »