Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems

1. TCP Congestion Control

Slow Start: TCP initializes congestion window (cwnd) to a small size and doubles it every Round Trip Time (RTT) until a loss occurs (exponential growth) or the slow start threshold is reached.

Congestion Avoidance: After reaching the threshold, cwnd is incremented by one segment for each RTT, growing linearly to avoid congestion.

Fast Recovery: When triple duplicate ACKs are detected, TCP halves the cwnd and reduces the slow start threshold to half of the cwnd size before the loss, then transitions to congestion avoidance.

2. TCP RTT and Timeout

Estimating RTT: Uses Smoothed Round Trip Time (SRTT) which is a weighted average of previous RTT measurements.

Timeout Calculation: Often calculated as Timeout=SRTT+4×RTT

Different Approaches to Textual Data Analysis

1. Narrative Analysis

A narrative is essentially what is depicted and represented through an interview or a document.

2. Grounded Theory

An approach to develop theory inductively from textual data.

3. Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis

These are two distinct but related approaches to analyzing text and discourse.

Main Textual Analysis Methods for International Relations

• Content Analysis
• Discourse Analysis
• Process Tracing

Qualitative Content Analysis

Qualitative content analysis is an economical text analysis procedure. It involves counting and quantifying elements in qualitative data.

Steps of Content Analysis

1. Data Collection: Create a corpus of data by selecting relevant texts, images, or other data sources.

Microprocessor vs. Microcontroller

ii) Differentiate Between a Microprocessor and a Micro-Controller

Microprocessor

Definition:

A microprocessor is a central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC) chip that performs the processing functions of a computer.

Functionality:

• It only includes the CPU core and lacks other components like memory, I/O ports, timers, and other peripherals.
• Requires external components like memory (RAM, ROM), input/output devices, timers, and other peripherals to function as a complete system.

Usage:

• Primarily used in systems requiring high computational power and flexibility, such as desktop computers, laptops, servers, and high-end embedded systems.
• Suited for applications where customization of peripherals

What is a Firm?

Let us now try to understand the meaning of a 'firm'. A firm is a focal point of the production system of any country. A firm produces goods with the help of its own resources. Sometimes these resources are borrowed from outside, and they are paid remuneration (price) for using them, for example, land, labor, capital, etc. A firm is an organizational unit, while a plant is a 'technical unit'. The objective of a firm in organizing such factors of production is to maximize profit. In other words, profit is the main objective of a firm. Any decision of a firm is taken in accordance with this objective.

Two Views of a Firm in Business Economics

In business economics, a firm is considered in two ways:

1. From the theoretical point of view.

Spaghetti Carbonara

Utensils and Ingredients

Utensils

• Large pot
• Large skillet
• Colander
• Large bowl
• Whisk or fork
• Tongs or a pasta fork
• Spoon or ladle

Ingredients:

• 400g spaghetti
• 200g pancetta or bacon, diced
• 4 large eggs
• 1 cup grated Parmesan cheese
• 4 cloves garlic, minced
• Salt and black pepper to taste
• 2 tablespoons olive oil
• Chopped parsley for garnish (optional)

Instructions

1.

Boil the Spaghetti

Start by boiling a large pot of salted water. While waiting, dice the pancetta, mince the garlic, and grate the Parmesan cheese.

2.

Cook the Spaghetti

Once the water boils, add the spaghetti and cook until al dente. Once cooked, reserve about a cup of pasta water before draining.

3.

Sauté the Pancetta and Garlic

In a large skillet, heat the olive oil over medium heat. Add... Continue reading "Classic Spaghetti Carbonara Recipe" »

Negotiation Styles

• Shark: Win/lose strategy. They are aggressive, competitive, uncreative, and individualistic. They assume that they have the best and only possible solution. They have no ability to take risks with different options or to learn from mistakes. They have difficulties in social relationships.
• Dolphin: Win/win strategy. They consider several options. They do not waste time with emotional issues. They are friendly and thoughtful. They feed and promote good relationships.
• Fox: They get results. They are reserved, manipulative, and friendly. They have a low level of honesty and ethics. They are cheat negotiators.
• Deer: They feed and promote relationships. They avoid conflict and flee before a threatening situation. They do not share

Characteristics of Entrepreneurship

• Economic and Dynamic Activity
• Related to Innovation
• Profit Potential
• It is a Continuous Process
• Risk Bearing
• Entrepreneurship is a Philosophy
• Discipline

Need and Importance

• Development of Managerial Capabilities
• Creation of Organization
• Improve Standards of Living
• Means of Economic Development

Types of Entrepreneurs

• Innovative Entrepreneur
• Imitating Entrepreneur
• Fabian Entrepreneur
• Drone Entrepreneur

Qualities of an Entrepreneur

• Innovativity
• Extremely Energetic
• Self-Confidence
• Risk Taker
• Future-Oriented
• Responsible
• Decision Taker
• Collective Analysis of Facts
• Flexibility

Functions of Entrepreneurship

• Risk Bearing
• Organizational
• Innovative
• Managerial
• Decision Making

Role of Entrepreneur in Small Business

• Wealth Creation
• Create Jobs
• Balanced Regional

What is Mathematical Logical Thinking?

These are the skills students develop associated with logical and mathematical concepts, reasoning, comprehension, and exploration of the world through real proportions, thus strengthening more abstract aspects of thought.

Geometry with Dinosaurs

This activity involves cutting out various geometric shapes with EVA rubber. Children will then create their own dinosaurs using these shapes. Through this activity, they can learn geometric shapes, count the number of elements used in each dinosaur (like the sides of the shapes), and create new geometric shapes from the ones they already have.

Logical Reasoning with Chupa Chups

This activity consists of creating logically structured material and playing with it using... Continue reading "Developing Logical and Mathematical Thinking in Children" »

The Benefits and Challenges of Being a Talented or Dedicated Teenager

Being an unusually talented or dedicated teenager comes with several perks. Firstly, it offers the opportunity for early success in both professional and academic realms. Exceptional abilities can lead to standing out in extracurricular activities and securing scholarships, paving the way to esteemed universities. Additionally, dedication can serve as a beacon of inspiration, fostering leadership skills and problem-solving abilities from a young age. Furthermore, cultivating such talents often facilitates the formation of a robust network of contacts, which can prove invaluable in the future.

The Flip Side: Pressure and Stress

However, the flip side of exceptional talent or... Continue reading "Talent & Dedication in Teens: Benefits & Challenges" »