Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other subjects

Financial Statements Components

Financial Statements: Include the balance sheet, profit and loss account (income statement), cash flow statement, statement of changes in equity, and the annual report (memory).

Accounting Framework and Auditing

• PGC (Plan General de Contabilidad): Establishes the legal and technical framework for accounting standards. It ensures that fundamental economic and financial information reported by companies is reliable and comparable.
• External Audit: A review of annual accounts conducted by independent professionals applying accepted legal standards.
• Internal Audit: Performed by company personnel to verify the existence, implementation, and effectiveness of the organization's internal controls.

Types of Review

Operational

Prototype Development in System Analysis

In this stage, an iterative method is explained, and the responsibilities of users are highlighted, with the user directly involved in the process. The speed with which the system generates results is essential to maintain momentum on the project, allowing users to assess the application as soon as possible. A professional system for initial prototype construction uses tools such as Fourth Generation Languages, Report Generators, and Display Generators. When developing a prototype, the following components are essential:

• The language for dialogue or conversation between the user and the system
• Screens and formats for data entry
• Essential processing modules
• System Output

Observation Techniques

Types of Observation:

Quality Product Criteria

A quality product achieves its desired objective at the lowest possible cost.

Quality Healthcare Professionals

Quality healthcare professionals require suitable facilities, advanced technology, and adequate training.

Detecting Quality: Manager's View

Effectiveness is the most detectable quality characteristic for managers. It means achieving objectives efficiently, allowing resource allocation to other needs.

User Perspective on Quality Healthcare

Users value proper personal care, effective treatments, continuity, and efficiency.

Scientific-Technical Quality vs. User Efficiency

Scientific-technical quality is often overlooked by users, especially in public health systems where the cost-benefit relationship isn't direct.

Accreditations

Business Strategy and Strategic Planning

Business Strategy is the path that ensures performance and survival. It covers the definition of objectives and the paths to achieve them. The strategy is the choice of ways to compete: where, how, when, and with whom to compete. It's the way to reach a goal, how to reach a desired situation.

Corporate Strategy

The corporate strategy is used to fully organize the company. This includes:

• Marketing Strategies
• Production Strategies
• HR Strategies
• Other Strategies

Strategic Planning Process

This is a sequential process of analysis and determination of different components:

1. Analysis of the current strategic situation of the company
2. Environmental analysis (threats and opportunities)
3. Internal analysis (strengths and weaknesses)

The Purpose and Types of Business Meetings

Meetings serve two primary functions, which can be categorized as formal and informal.

• Formal: Meetings are an essential means to disseminate information, gather options, analyze and resolve problems, make decisions, or work together on a project.
• Informal: Meetings fulfill human needs for social contact and affiliation.

Essential Steps for Meeting Preparation

Proper preparation is crucial for a successful meeting. This involves several key stages:

1. Define the Objective: Select the primary issue and clearly define the meeting's goal.
2. Prepare Information: Gather and organize all necessary data and materials to be discussed.
3. Determine Participants: Decide who needs to attend and keep the number of participants

Legislative Pyramid

• Constitution
• Laws, Decree-Law, International Treaties
• Supreme Decree, Decree
• Simple Regulations
• Resolutions

Principles

Preventive

• Environmental education
• Management plans, prevention, or decontamination
• Environmental quality standards and emission

Gradualism

• Arrange interests
• Build in stages (environmental standards, EIA legislation, sectoral audit)

Realism and Integration

• Act on what is
• There are no immediate solutions
• Perform building, not just control
• Opening economic tools
• Environmental cost internalization

Responsibility

• Have criminal liability or fraud guilt

Participatory

• Advertising for new projects
• Local organizations may challenge new projects
• Building Advisory Council - for public procedures
• Setting environmental quality standards

How to

Organizational Chart

Schematic representation of agencies and units of a particular school and their mutual relations. It is the letter of the structure: It represents strictly the formal structure and manifest.

• Includes: organs, levels of authority, and relationships.

We provide an understanding of the organization and the opportunity to reflect on and improve it. For its development, we must consider:

• Clarity: easy reading.
• Accuracy: contain all the elements.
• Up-to-date: reflection of present reality.

LODE Management Model (1985)

• Three years in the faculty.
• A year spent in the center and final destination in the same.
• Term of office of three years.

New Model of Leadership:

• Elective (chosen by the School Board).
• Non-professional (LODE) / Professional (

Understanding Organizational Coordination

A lack of conceptual precision often leads to the use of many synonyms for the term 'coordinate,' such as 'harmonize,' 'order,' and 'balance.' However, 'coordination' should not be considered a synonym for 'cooperation,' which designates attitudes that can foster internal coordination.

Characteristics of Effective Coordination

• Mutual adjustment processes
• Activities or relationships involving people or things
• References to one or more well-defined objectives
• Use of information to be communicated

Factors Influencing Organizational Complexity

Organizational Structure and Its Impact

Organizational structure, particularly the functional form, is a key reason for internal complexity. Structure, in turn, depends on... Continue reading "Achieving Seamless Organizational Coordination" »

Core Functions of Communication Networks

Communication and information networks serve several key functions within an organization:

• Control: They help regulate the conduct of organization members.
• Motivation (Reasons): They inform staff about their tasks, execution methods, and potential improvements, thereby stimulating their behavior and performance.
• Emotional Expression: They provide a channel for individuals to express frustrations and feelings of satisfaction.
• Decision Support (Reporting): They facilitate decision-making by providing necessary information to individuals and groups.

Directions of Organizational Communication Flow

Communication within an organization can flow in several directions:

• Vertical Downward: Communication from a superior

Core Management Concepts

Social Aspects: Obligation, sensitivity, responsibility

Organizational Analysis: Strengths, weaknesses, core competencies

Structure: Division of labor, career paths, impersonality, formal rules, formal selection, hierarchy

Organizational Influence: Defines employee behavior, influences marketing, fosters team spirit

Culture: Rituals, symbols, language

Leadership Roles

Authority figure, leader, supervisor, spokesman, entrepreneur, negotiator

Decision-Making Types

Intuitive Decisions

Based on experience, feelings, wisdom, or prior knowledge

Ethical Decisions

Based on cultural or ethical values

Intellectual Decisions

Based on skills, knowledge, and training

Environmental Factors

Legal Environment

Political and legal procedures vary by... Continue reading "Essential Management Principles: Decision-Making and Organizational Culture" »