Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

A Dream Come  True

Since I was a child, my dream was always to be a great doctor and to achieve this I promised to be the best every day. 

When I was in school I worked hard to be the best to get a scholarship to study at the university, and get a good ICFES score, when I was in 11th grade and I took the exam, I was very nervous about the result, a few months later the result came and I felt very bad because it was not enough for what I wanted to study, my parents encouraged me saying it was a good score, but I still felt bad about myself.

When I finished 11th grade, we had a very nice ceremony in which they gave me the great news that I had won a 100% scholarship to study what I wanted, I was very happy and that made me want to continue fighting

Oral Communication Skills in English Language Learning

The primary objective of teaching English is to equip students with the ability to communicate effectively using the language. Therefore, oral communication plays a pivotal role in our classrooms.

Developing Oral Competence

Developing oral competence involves two key aspects: receptive (listening) and productive (speaking). Our communication activities should aim to:

• Foster a genuine desire in students to communicate and receive information.
• Present an engaging communicative purpose that resonates with them.
• Incorporate the processing of diverse language elements.

Effective Classroom Activities for Oral Communication

Classroom Language

Encourage the use of English phrases for communication between... Continue reading "Enhancing Oral Communication Skills in English Language Learning" »

Secondary Victim Defined

A secondary victim is a person who suffers unintended consequences when others are victimized.

Understanding Polyvictimization

Polyvictimization refers to multiple instances of varied victimization. It has a more negative impact than being the victim of one type of chronic victimization.

Revictimization Explained

Revictimization is the continued victimization by the same offender committing the same crime.

Violence Against Women Act of 1994

The Violence Against Women Act of 1994 addressed concerns about violence against women, including sexual violence and domestic abuse.

Restorative Justice Principles

Restorative Justice is the philosophical basis of the victims' movement. It emphasizes offender accountability and victim reparation.... Continue reading "Essential Criminology and Legal Definitions" »

Capital Budgeting: Valuing Investment Projects

Capital budgeting is the process by which investors determine the value of a potential investment project. Selecting the right projects is crucial for long-term financial health. The three most common approaches to project selection are the Payback Period (PB), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Net Present Value (NPV).

Net Present Value (NPV)

The Net Present Value approach is the most intuitive and accurate valuation approach to capital budgeting problems. NPV reveals exactly how profitable a project will be in comparison to alternatives.

The NPV rule states that all projects which have a positive net present value should be accepted, while those that are negative should be rejected. If funds are... Continue reading "Capital Budgeting Methods: NPV, IRR, and Payback Period Analysis" »

Language Fundamentals

Language: The method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way.

Word: It is the smallest independent unit of language, the minimal constituent of a phrase or sentence.

Linguistics and Structure

Linguistics: The scientific study of language and its structure, including the study of morphology, syntax, phonetics, and semantics.

Branches of Linguistics

• Phonology: The branch of linguistics that deals with systems of sounds.
• Semantics: The branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning.
• Syntax: The set of rules, principles, and processes that govern the structure of sentences (sentence structure) in a given language, usually including word order.
• Morphology:

Food Preservation

Preserving food prevents microorganisms from changing the food's original characteristics, such as its appearance, smell, or taste, in order to keep the food safe to eat for a longer period of time.

Methods of Food Preservation

- Methods that use low temperatures

These methods are used to prevent the growth of microorganisms that thrive at room temperature. Refrigeration involves keeping foods at temperatures between 0°C and 4°C, and freezing consists of storing foods at or below -18°C.

- Methods that use high temperatures

Sterilisation or Uht processing is a processing is a process in which food is heated at a temperature of 135c for two or three seconds in order to destruyo all microorganism. This metido allows products... Continue reading "Food Preservation Methods and Additives" »

Consumers and food safety

- When buying food.

When you go grocery shopping, purchase refrigerated foods at the end of your shopping trip.

Check the use-by dates on the labels on packaged foods.

To avoid buying food that has gone bad, check that refrigerated foods are completely hard. Make sure canned goods do not have dents or bulging lids.

Go straight home so you can store all chilled and frozen foods as soon as possible to maintain the cold chain.

-When storing food.

Store refrigerated foods in the refrigerator at a maximum temperature of 4°C and store frozen foods in the freezer at a temperature of -18°C or lower.

Do not refreeze any foods that have already been frozen and thawed.

Store raw and cooked foods separately to avoid cross-contamination.... Continue reading "Consumer Food Safety: Shopping, Storage, and Preparation Tips" »

The Devastating Impact of Plastic Pollution

Ubiquitous Waste: A Global Problem

Plastic waste has become ubiquitous, contaminating every corner of our planet, including our oceans. Its persistence and improper disposal lead to its widespread distribution, harming ecosystems and wildlife.

Biodegradable vs. Non-Biodegradable: A Misconception

While plastic may break down into smaller pieces, it does not biodegrade. These fragments can be ingested by animals, entering the food chain and causing contamination and health issues.

The Lasting Legacy of Plastic: A Threat to Humanity

Most plastics are virtually indestructible, outlasting even the harshest conditions. This poses a significant threat to our planet and future generations, as it will continue to... Continue reading "The Devastating Impact of Plastic Pollution: A Call to Action" »

A graphic novel is a longer, complex piece of text that usually covers the story in one book. A comic book is shorter and tells the story over many volumes.

Why Are Graphic Novels Important for Learning?

Graphic novels are important tools for cognitive learning and are rich in visual literacy. The more image-based nature of graphic novels can make them less intimidating to read for beginners and also allows readers to understand words through pictures.

Graphic: Single volumes. It is monographic. Full-length novel.

Comic: Serials. They are published every once in a while. They can be compared with short stories.

Caption: A box of text that gives details on the background and setting of the scene. Often at the top or bottom of the panel.

Close-up:... Continue reading "Difference Between Graphic Novel and Comic: Importance for Learning" »