Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

City Concept

Quantitative Criteria: Considers all core city populations exceeding a certain number of inhabitants.

Qualitative Criteria: Considers cities and villages that meet certain characteristics: high population density and high-rise dwellings, the predominance of economic activities and industries. The consideration of these criteria defines a core city as a large population center with high population density, a predominance of industrial activity, and an urban lifestyle.

Development Process

1. Pre-Industrial Cities (Until the Industrial Revolution)

Cities were small, served as centers of political and religious power, and fostered craft businesses.

• The first cities emerged in Mesopotamia on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, almost

Tangencies

Making Tangents

Two Circles

• External Tangents: Draw another circle concentric to the larger one with radius R - r. Join the centers. This is the bisector. Draw an auxiliary circle to the centers. Join the center with the points of intersection with the smaller circumference and extend. Where the lines intersect the larger circle will be the tangent points. Parallels are drawn to the smaller circle to find all points of contact.
• Internal Tangents: The process is the same, except that the circle is of radius R + r, and the parallels are drawn to the opposite side.

Tangent to a Circle Passing Through Point P

• If the tangent is to be external, a concentric circle of radius R + r is drawn. From P, an arc of radius R is drawn, which intersects

Federico Garcia Lorca - Sin City Dream

Topic: Lorca describes a New York night, focusing on the city's skyscrapers, which he finds monstrous and unfamiliar. This perception characterizes Lorca's tendency to anthropomorphize buildings, blurring the lines between the built environment and the animal world. The poem highlights the dehumanization prevalent in the city that never sleeps, where constant activity and a sense of modernity lead to a monotonous existence, with residents seemingly waiting for death without hope. The subtitle, 'Night of Brooklyn Bridge,' reinforces the theme of a sad city devoid of rest.

Metrics

The poem is written in free verse, with rhythm achieved through repetition of ideas, words, and sentence structures (e.g., 'whip!... Continue reading "Analysis of Lorca's 'Sin City Dream' and Salinas' 'The Soul Had'" »

Administration

Managers need to be competent to be efficient in their performance.

Key Managerial Powers

• Communication
• Planning and Management
• Teamwork
• Strategic Action
• Globalization
• Self-management

Understanding Organizations

What is an Organization? An organization is a coordinated group of people who work to achieve a particular goal.

What is a Manager? A manager is a person who plans, organizes, directs, and controls the allocation of human resources, financial, and material information in the pursuit of the goals of the organization.

What is Administration? Administration refers to tasks and activities involved in directing an organization in planning, organizing, directing, and controlling.

Types of Managers

Functional Managers

Functional Managers supervise... Continue reading "Effective Management: Skills, Types, and Actions" »

Types of Hypotheses

Research Hypothesis: Propositions, attempts on possible relationships between two or more variables.

• Descriptive Hypothesis Value: Sometimes used in descriptive studies to try to predict a datum or more variables to be measured.
• Correlational: Provides that two or more variables are linked.
• Group Difference: Aiming investigations were made to compare groups.
• Grounds: The relationship between variables is given by cause and effect, there is always an independent variable and a dependent one.
• Null Hypotheses: They are the reverse of the research hypothesis, it serves to refute or deny what the research hypothesis states.
• Alternative Hypotheses: They alternate between research hypothesis possibilities and the null hypothesis.

Types

Internal and External Sources of Labor Law

Internal sources are developed by the legislature (Congress of Deputies), the executive (government), and representatives of employers and employees (unions). These sources are:

• The Spanish Constitution of December 6, 1978 (the supreme law of Spain)
• Organic laws, ordinary decree laws, legislative decrees, and autonomic regulations

External sources (international) come from international organizations or agreements with Spain and apply after being approved by Congress and the Senate (they become Spanish rules with domestic preference).

Principles of Labor Standards

• More favorable standard: When two or more rules are in force (regarding holidays, work, pay, etc.), the most favorable to the worker is applied.

Theory of Culture and Television

Stages: Fiction television viewers watch a world that differs substantially from the real world. Heavy TV consumers live in a world dominated by television, making the experience a displacement of reality. That is, they are influenced in their perception of social reality by television content. Social representations from the world of television are not absorbed selectively.

Parsons' View on Media Influence

Parsons places the media between what he calls the subsystems of culture, education, and religion. For him, media primarily carry out an integrative function. This function integrates subsystems and various sub-collectivities into a complex social system, achieved through the mechanism of influence. Influence... Continue reading "Media Influence: Culture, Gatekeeping, and Agenda-Setting" »

Philosophical Conceptions of Humanity

Humans have always pondered their existence, developing explanations of reality through social organization, religion, art, and philosophy. Philosophical anthropology addresses these fundamental questions about human nature.

Autobiographical vs. Systematic Philosophy

Autobiographical philosophy represents individual thinkers' efforts to explore these questions, while systematic philosophy offers universal theories.

Autobiographical Theories on Humans

Religious theories are based on faith and personal experiences, such as the Genesis account of God creating humans in His image. Philosophical theories, on the other hand, rely on reason and claim universal validity.

Key Aspects of Human Existence

• Rational Beings:

Nickel Steels

Nickel steels are known for their stainless and electrical properties. Nickel increases the tensile strength, yield stress, elongation, and impact strength or resilience of steel, while simultaneously reducing the influence of heat expansion. Steels containing 10 to 15% nickel can be hardened even with slow cooling.

Chromium Steels

Chromium imparts hardness and deeper penetration of the temper, allowing for oil hardening. Steels with 1.15 to 1.30% carbon and 0.80 to 1% chromium are used for film production due to their hardness. Smaller-scale applications use steels with 0.3-0.4% carbon and 1% chromium.

Chrome-Nickel Steels

More commonly used than chromium steels alone, chrome-nickel steels are employed in various ratios. Examples... Continue reading "Alloy Steels: Properties and Applications" »

Tax Exemption Explained

Article 22 of the LGT defines tax exemptions as instances where, despite an activity being taxable, the law exempts it from the primary tax liability. This occurs when a rule stipulates that a tax provision doesn't apply to specific factual circumstances that would typically trigger tax liability, or when it prevents the legal consequences arising from the tax rule for subjects within the exemption's scope.

Key Features of Tax Exemptions

• Exceptional Nature: Tax exemptions are purely exceptional.
• Dual Standards: They involve two standards: one subjecting certain assumptions and people to tax, and another exempting some of the same circumstances.
• Timing: The exemption is made after the taxable event occurs.
• No Tax Liability: