Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Arithmetic Progressions (AP)

Sum of terms = n[(1st term + last term)]/2

Geometric Progressions (GP)

Sum of terms = [1st term(1 - quotientⁿ)/(1 - quotient)] (Swap positions of 1 & quotient if quotient > 1)

Logarithms

• log_a(x/y) = log_ax - log_ay
• log_axⁿ = nlog_ax
• log_ab = (log_cb/log_ca)

Permutations

For a set of n objects: The total number of permutations is n!

For arranging 'r' objects from a set of 'n' objects: The number of permutations is nPr = n! / (n-r)!. (e.g., ways to arrange 3 objects from a set of 5 is 5 * 4 * 3, since there are 5 possibilities for the first object, followed by 4, then 3.)

Combinations

For selecting 'r' objects from a set of 'n' objects: The number of combinations is nCr = n! / (r! * (n-r)!). (Divide by r! since there are r! ways

Key Concepts in Language Acquisition and Child Development

Questions & Answers

1. According to Chomsky, language is... A (We possess an innate capacity for language.)
2. Which of the following statements is true? C (Learners need a supportive environment.)
3. Behaviorism relies on... A (Skinner's theory of operant conditioning.)
4. According to Krashen... C (Comprehensible input is important.)
5. According to constructivism... A (Children of a similar age think similarly.)
6. The term "concentration span" refers to... A (The time and capacity for focused attention.)
7. Comprehensible input means... B (The teacher uses facial expressions and gestures.)
8. Language acquisition does not require... D (All of the above.)
9. What is the zone of proximal development? A (The zone

Present Simple Affirmative Sentences

1. They work at the same company.
2. I practice yoga to relieve stress.
3. I drink coffee every morning.
4. She watches TV in the evenings.
5. They play soccer on weekends.
6. He reads a book before going to bed.
7. She listens to music while working.
8. They take the bus to work every day.
9. He brushes his teeth twice a day.
10. He cooks dinner for his family every night.

Present Simple Interrogative Sentences

1. Do you like coffee?
2. What do you usually eat for breakfast?
3. Where do you live?
4. How often do you exercise?
5. Do you have any pets?
6. What time do you usually wake up?
7. What is your favorite TV show?
8. Do you enjoy reading books?
9. How do you usually get to work or school?
10. What do you like to do in your free time?

Present Continuous Affirmative Sentences

1. I am currently

Relative Clauses: Key Usage

• Who / That: People
• Which / That: Things
• Where: Places
• When: Times
• Whose: Possession

Example: Arguiñano, where I celebrated my event, is a great restaurant (extra information).

Defining Clauses

She is the girl who I met in N.Y.; She is the girl whose father…; She is the girl that…

Non-Defining Clauses (Extra Information)

These complement another sentence and are set off by commas.

Modal Verbs: Functions and Usage

• Ability in the Past: (was/were) Be able to; Could
• Advice: Should
• Obligation: Must; Have to
• Lack of Obligation: Don’t have to
• Certainty: True (Must) / Impossible (Can’t)
• Possibility: May; Might; Could
• Polite Request: Would you...?
• Prohibition: Mustn't
• Permission: Can I...?; May I...?; Could I...?

Modals in the Past: Modal

Passive Voice & Quantifiers

Passive Voice

• do → is done
• is doing → is being done
• did → was done
• was doing → was being done
• have done → has been done
• had done → had been done
• will do → will be done
• is going to do → is going to be done

Quantifiers

• Large: a lot of, much (uncountable), many (countable), plenty of
• Small: a few (countable), little (uncountable)
• More or less: too big, too many, enough
• Zero: any, no

Relative Clauses

• that → who/which (ese/que)
• who → people (quien)
• which → things/animal (cual)
• where → places (dónde)
• whose → mean possession (cuyo)

Modals

must have → el conductor se debería haber perdido

might/may have → se debe haber comprado una casa nueva

could have → podrías haber evitado el accidente

should have → debería... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Clauses & Conditionals" »

Absolute Advantage in the Rice Market

Absolute Advantage: Rice is produced in both Vietnam and Japan. Assume demand conditions are exactly the same in both countries. This implies demand curves for rice in the two countries are exactly the same.

Trade often arises due to differences in supply conditions. Assume the supply curve for Vietnam is farther to the right than the supply curve for Japan. At every price, Vietnam supplies more rice than Japan. Perhaps Vietnam uses superior technology or production inputs are lower in Vietnam.

Figure 1: Demand and Supply in the Rice Market

Autarky Rice

• Since no trade is involved between Vietnam and Japan, these two prices are known in international economics as autarky prices.
• Autarky is a situation in which

The Eight Stages of the Selling Process

1. Prospecting

   Searching for potential customers.

   Sources:

   • Direct: Networking, current customers.
   • Indirect: Trade shows, unsolicited inquiries.
   • Random: Cold calls, advertising.

2. Pre-approach

   Sales planning steps.

   Preparation Includes:

   • Initial contact.
   • Information gathering.
   • Problem assessment.
   • Strategy selection.

3. Approach

   Opening the interaction and identifying needs or problems.

   First Impressions Matter:

   • Professional appearance.
   • Appropriate behavior.
   • Active listening.

4. Presentation and Demonstration

   Highlighting product benefits and convincing the customer.

   Risk Reduction Strategies:

   • Reference selling.
   • Demonstrations.
   • Guarantees.
   • Trial orders.

5. Negotiation

   Defining terms (price, credit, delivery, quantities).

   Guidelines:

   • Start high but

Causes of Independence

The creole minority was unhappy. They possessed great economic power, but the Spanish controlled taxes and trade. They were influenced by liberalism and nationalism. The UK and France supported independence for Spain's American territories because it would allow them to trade freely with the new nations.

Process of Independence

1810–1815: Power Vacuum

• The Spanish War of Independence led to a power vacuum in America.
• In 1810, juntas were established in several territories that declared their independence.
• With the return of Fernando VII to the throne, Spain recovered territories except Río de la Plata.

1816–1828: Liberation Victories

• General San Martín declared the independence of Argentina in 1816. He defeated royalist

Terminal and Log Command Examples

grep -i system /etc/passwd
grep -i ubuntu /etc/passwd
grep -i '*ubuntu*' /etc/passwd
grep -i "sync$" /etc/passwd
grep -E 'info|warn' /var/log/*log* && history | tail -n 2
Windows
findstr "*error*" C:\Windows\Logs\CBS\CBS.log
Select-String -Path "C:\Windows\Logs\dism\dism.log" -Pattern "2024-04 Manager"
findstr "^2024-01 | Manager" C:\Windows\Logs\DISM\dism.log
findstr /S /I /N "failed" C:\Windows\Logs\*.log
Get-EventLog -List
Get-EventLog -LogName System -Newest 25 | Format-List
wevtutil qe System /c:200 /rd:true /f:text | findstr /i "kernel"
wevtutil qe System /q:"*[System[TimeCreated[@SystemTime>='2023-09-01T00:00:00.000Z']]]" /f:text | findstr /i /c:"ProviderName: Disk"

Disk and Mount Commands

fdisk

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: If I put my finger on the sun, I get burned.
• 1st Conditional: If I'm feeling well, I will go to the mall.
• 2nd Conditional: If I won the lotto, I would travel the world.
• 3rd Conditional: If I had stopped at the traffic lights, I wouldn't have crashed.

The Causatives

Have/Get something done.

Reported Speech

Present Simple

• Direct Speech: "Go home now!"
• Reported Speech: Itziar told me to go home now.

Present Continuous

• Direct Speech: "She is making an effort."
• Reported Speech: He said that she was making an effort.

Present Perfect

• Direct Speech: "I haven't seen Julie."
• Reported Speech: She said she hadn't seen Julie.

The Passive Voice