Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

The Constitutional Process

Within weeks of his election, the courts began the work for drafting the Constitution. The Cortes in 1977 immediately became Constituent Cortes.

A Constitutional Commission was elected, and seven members were chosen to produce a first draft of the constitutional text. These seven members, the "fathers of the constitution," were Gabriel Cisneros, Miguel Herrero de Mignon, and José Pedro Pérez Llorca (UCD); Gregorio Peces-Barba (PSOE); Pauline Julien (PCE); Miquel Roca, representing Catalan and Minority PNV; and Manuel Fraga (AP). The absence of a representative of the PNV, linked to the question of "historical rights," had serious consequences because the main Basque nationalist party ultimately did not support the... Continue reading "Crafting Spain's Constitution: A Story of Consensus and Autonomy" »

Early Civil Service Regulations in Mexico's Comptroller's Office

Grounds for Disciplinary Action (1920s)

The following were grounds for disciplinary action within the Comptroller's Office in the 1920s:

• Residing outside the locality where the office providing the service is located, without due permission.
• Refusing to provide services where requested, in accordance with firm instructions and despite protest.
• Other serious cases that violate relevant regulations.
• Notorious lack of discipline and morality, including instances that lead to criminal charges.

At the time, consideration was given to incorporating this agreement into the Law and Regulations of the Comptroller, which eventually occurred.

Regulation of Examinations (1925-1927)

On June 25, 1925,... Continue reading "Comptroller's Office: Early Civil Service Regulations" »

Economic Recovery in Franco's Spain

The new measures boosted the economy. The economic growth meant an annual increase in GDP of 4.5% between 1951 and 1957, a rate higher than any other European country at the time, with the exception of Germany and Italy.

In the same years, foreign trade increased tenfold.

Despite this, up to 1954, per capita income did not match the existing levels before the Civil War. The standard of living of the majority of the population did not rise significantly because the development was based on an abundant supply of cheap labor and the migration of rural workers to urban centers.

Social Developments During the Franco Regime

The Social Dynamic

The dictatorship was able to increase the support of the population, but the... Continue reading "Spain's Economic and Social Shifts Under Franco's Rule" »

Foods Discouraged

• Kitchen and table salt: salt, iodized salt, sea salt, celery salt.
• Meat: salted, smoked and cured.
• Smoked and dried fish, caviar.
• Sausages in general.
• Cheeses in general (Burgos types are allowed, Villalon).
• Bread and biscuits with salt (except for minor amounts of 50 g).
• Olives.
• Soup, instant mashed, diced, chips.
• Packaged vegetable juice.
• Oleaginous fruits, salty.
• Confectionery industry.
• Salted butter, margarine and salt.
• Sparkling water, carbonated beverages in general.
• Seasonings: salt, mustard, pickles, ketchup, meat tenderizer.
• Preserved foods in general.

Foods Allowed

• Meat, poultry.
• Viscera: tongue, kidneys, liver.
• Fresh fish freshwater or sea.
• Eggs.
• Milk, yogurt, Petit-suisse, curd.
• Cheese without salt.
• Unsalted bread and biscuits (up to

Demand: The quantity of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to purchase at a given price and time. Factors influencing demand include:

1. Price of the Good: Changes in price can increase, decrease, or maintain demand.
2. Prices of Other Goods:
   • Substitutes: Demand increases when the price of a substitute good rises.
   • Complements: Demand decreases when the price of a complementary good rises.
   • Independent: Demand is unaffected by changes in the price of other goods.
3. Consumer Income:
   • Normal Goods: Demand increases with higher income.
   • Inferior Goods: Demand decreases with higher income.
4. Consumer Tastes and Preferences: Popularity increases demand.

Supply: The quantity of a good or service that producers are willing and able to sell at a given price... Continue reading "Understanding Market Demand, Supply, and Competition" »

Organic and Physiological Changes

Organic and physiological changes: Functional modifications occur in the oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. These include a decline in salivary secretion, reduced esophageal peristalsis, and decreased gastric acid secretion. Sensory alterations affect sight, taste, and smell, leading to inappetence and disinterest in food, often resulting in malnutrition.

Metabolic Changes

Metabolic changes: Cholesterol levels change, generally increasing lipemia, and protein synthesis degrades. Glycemic alterations in glucose utilization are frequent, leading to a decline in basal metabolism and, consequently, reduced energy needs.

Physical Activity

Physical activity: Physical work effectiveness and aerobic capacity (maximal... Continue reading "Nutrition for Seniors: Maintaining Health and Well-being" »

Basic Development Models

Protostomes

Protostomes: In protostomes, which translates to "mouth first", the mouth of the new individual develops separately from the blastopore, the first opening of the embryo.

Deuterostomes

Deuterostomes: In deuterostomes, which translates to "mouth second", the mouth opens later in a different place than the blastopore.

Extraembryonic Membranes

Extraembryonic membranes originate from the embryo but are not part of it. They form with input from all embryonic layers and play important roles in development:

• Yolk Sac: The first embryonic membrane that forms. It surrounds the mass of yolk, where one exists.
• Amnion: A membrane surrounding the embryo that secretes amniotic fluid, providing an aqueous environment.
• Chorion: Surrounds

Heart Muscle Contraction: How Does the Pacemaker Work?

The heart muscle consists of sarcomeres containing alternating thick and thin filaments. The cells tend to contract rhythmically and spontaneously, but these contractions are synchronized by electrical signals produced by specialized muscle fibers of the sinoatrial node. Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically interconnected by links between cells located interspersed. This allows for coordinated contraction. Specialized fibers act as a pacemaker. Action potentials that originate in the pacemaker spread quickly through the heart using specialized areas in which interspersed links connect adjacent muscle cell membranes. These allow the potential to synchronize their contractions as they travel... Continue reading "Heart Muscle Contraction, Lymphatic & Circulatory Systems in Animals" »

Cultural Splendor: The Spanish Golden Age

The 17th century, a period of artistic and cultural wealth, is known as the Spanish Golden Age. This period contrasts sharply with the serious political, economic, and demographic crises that plagued the country. From the late 16th to the mid-18th century, the Baroque cultural movement, originating in Italy and patronized by the absolute monarchy and the Papal State, flourished in Spain. Spanish Baroque exalted the monarchy and Catholic dogma while expressing the disillusionment, decadence, and pessimism of a crisis-stricken society. Unlike Europe, where rationalism and empiricism thrived, intellectual and scientific thought in Spain was limited by the Inquisition, conservative universities, the lack... Continue reading "Spanish Golden Age & War of Succession" »