Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

Welfare Society in a Globalized World

Market and Social Control

The market has had to accept some social control policies. This is the setting in which people seek their representation. There is a new prevalence of economics over politics. The market is valued as the foundation of the welfare society.

Globalization

Social costs:

• Almost full employment growth
• Old forms of labor organization (suitable for large and stable markets)
• Uniform work
• Standardized products
• Mass consumption
• Effects of perverse state performance
• Structural unemployment

Key areas:

• Industry
• Productive work
• Territorialization
• Material concentration
• Vertical integration
• Hierarchy and bureaucracy
• Homogeneity conditions (stable job)
• Social recognition of the union: strong

Informational Services

• Business

Vocabulary and Text Properties

Statements

Clusters of words uttered in a tone different from prayer because they have a subject-predicate structure. For example, "Help!" is a statement.

Text

A linguistic unit that is maximum, is formed by the same content, has the same purpose, and its parts are linked. Texts can have only one word.

Cohesion

A property of texts that adjusts to the circumstances of the communication (the receiver, the location, channel, etc.). It is also the piece of text that consists of all statements that are related by linguistic mechanisms that favor the union.

Consistency

The property of the text that creates a union between the statements they contain and is assumed by thematic unity: they all speak the same logical arrangement... Continue reading "Understanding Text Properties and Types of Speech" »

Planning Objectives

• Objectives: Financial, efficiency, position, CSR, share value, markets
• Policies: Low price, quality, promotion, ethical, usefulness
• Processes: Specific action, staff evaluation, quality control, cost control, purchasing, stock inventory
• Rules: Define response, safety, sick leave, punctuality
• Budget: Cash flow, income, expenses (not always in euros)

Brand Equity

• Core: What is the customer really buying?
• Actual: Characteristics, features, quality level, name, packaging
• Augmented: Additional services

Evaluation of Brand Equity

• Cost approach
• Market approach
• Income approach

Managing Brand Equity

• Leadership: Be a dominant force
• Stability: Ability to survive
• Market: Growth prospects, volatility
• Geographic spread
• Trend: Ability to remain relevant
• Support
• Protection:

Kohlberg's Levels of Moral Development

Pre-conventional Morality

At this level, there is no understanding of social rules. Moral questions are considered only from a personal perspective.

Conventional Morality

Judgments are made based on the rules and expectations of the individual's social group. Moral issues are addressed to maintain membership within the group.

Post-conventional Morality

Individuals understand societal rules but are not limited by them. Thought is governed by principles and values accepted because they are based on general principles. Moral reasoning involves:

• Defining what is good.
• Using reasons to defend the perception of good.

Kohlberg's Moral Education

The goal is to maximize the capacity for moral judgment development through:... Continue reading "Understanding Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development" »

Item 10: Agriculture

Agriculture is the cultivation of land to obtain food for human and animal consumption and raw materials for industry.

Agricultural Continuous Evolution: Very fast change of ownership patterns and land work.

Agricultural Development: In underdeveloped countries, agriculture represents a high percentage of production (80%) due to low-tech and traditional farming, resulting in low productivity. Only 5% of the population is dedicated to agriculture.

Physical Factors of Agriculture

• Weather: Each plant needs a certain humidity and temperature. Plants generally grow between -10ºC and +45ºC.
• Relief: Altitude and slope of terrain condition agricultural activity. Temperature decreases with altitude.
• Soil: Each plant requires specific

Hagia Sophia: A Byzantine Masterpiece

Hagia Sophia stands as the masterpiece of Byzantine art. It was conceived not merely as a basilica for the people, but as the great church of Emperor Justinian.

Designers and Influences

Its principal architects were Anthemius of Tralles and Isidore of Miletus. Isidore the Younger, nephew of Isidore of Miletus, also contributed later. The work as a whole significantly reflects the building traditions and technological advancements of Roman architecture.

Innovative Architectural Plan

On the ground level, the plan ingeniously synthesizes a basilica with three naves (a Western tradition) and the centralized plan characteristic of Eastern tradition. It establishes a three-nave layout embedded within a Greek cross

Relations Between Reason and Faith

Saint Thomas Aquinas argued for the unity of truth, asserting that both reason (derived from sensory data) and faith (based on divine revelation) offer independent paths to understanding. While truths of faith are accepted without question, truths of reason (philosophy) can be explored through human intellect. Some truths of faith can be demonstrated rationally, such as the preambles of faith. Reason, faith, and theology converge, with theology illuminating natural theological truths. Philosophy and reason are erroneous only when their conclusions contradict faith.

Demonstration of the Existence of God

While accepting God's existence as revealed by faith, Aquinas offered five proofs based on sensory experience:... Continue reading "Saint Thomas Aquinas: Philosophy, Theology, and Existence of God" »

Components of Economic Policy

Tax Policy

Tax policy is an essential tool to facilitate growth, investment, and social balance. It is a key concern for the Government.

Exchange Policy

Exchange policy is the joint action implemented by the monetary authority to establish or manage the exchange rate parity.

Interest Rate

The interest rate is the percentage applied to a sum of money (capital) and is equivalent to the amount to be paid or charged for loaning or borrowing money.

Money Supply

The money supply is the principal variable used. It is the amount of money circulating in the economy to move the commercial and financial transactions of society. It is the package of cash circulating in the economy and serves to cherish and value, deferring future... Continue reading "Understanding Economic Policy: Key Components and Mechanisms" »

T14 5.1 Workforce

The workforce consists of the active population, including employed adults and those unemployed or seeking their first job. In Spain, this represents the active population, but only about 58% of the total population.

Employed active population accounts for over 58% of the total population.

Three Main Sectors:

1. Primary Sector: Employs a small percentage of the workforce (4.8%) and continues to decline.
2. Secondary Sector: While it created jobs, the workforce has decreased (29.6%). Some administrative roles have moved to other countries.
3. Tertiary Sector: Employs a large portion of the Spanish population and has diversified in recent years.

Unemployment rates in Spain are high due to a greater demand for work than job creation. In 1994,... Continue reading "Understanding Spain's Workforce, Immigration, and Murcia's Population" »

Item 15: The Franco Era (1939-1975)

Introduction

The rebel victory in April 1939 marked the establishment of a dictatorship that lasted 36 years. It evolved and adapted to new domestic and international situations.

Two main stages can be distinguished:

• The first, until 1959, was marked by the establishment of an authoritarian state, strong suppression that swept away liberal democratic achievements, and economic self-sufficiency that brought famine and hardship for most of the population.
• The second phase, from 1959 to 1975, was characterized by economic development and an attempt to institutionalize a regime that was intended to be a rule of law. With the 1973 oil crisis, the agony of the regime was accentuated, and its opponents multiplied.

The... Continue reading "Franco's Dictatorship in Spain: 1939-1975" »