Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Passive Voice & Quantifiers

Passive Voice

• do → is done
• is doing → is being done
• did → was done
• was doing → was being done
• have done → has been done
• had done → had been done
• will do → will be done
• is going to do → is going to be done

Quantifiers

• Large: a lot of, much (uncountable), many (countable), plenty of
• Small: a few (countable), little (uncountable)
• More or less: too big, too many, enough
• Zero: any, no

Relative Clauses

• that → who/which (ese/que)
• who → people (quien)
• which → things/animal (cual)
• where → places (dónde)
• whose → mean possession (cuyo)

Modals

must have → el conductor se debería haber perdido

might/may have → se debe haber comprado una casa nueva

could have → podrías haber evitado el accidente

should have → debería... Continue reading "Mastering English Grammar: Passive Voice, Clauses & Conditionals" »

The Eight Stages of the Selling Process

1. Prospecting

   Searching for potential customers.

   Sources:

   • Direct: Networking, current customers.
   • Indirect: Trade shows, unsolicited inquiries.
   • Random: Cold calls, advertising.

2. Pre-approach

   Sales planning steps.

   Preparation Includes:

   • Initial contact.
   • Information gathering.
   • Problem assessment.
   • Strategy selection.

3. Approach

   Opening the interaction and identifying needs or problems.

   First Impressions Matter:

   • Professional appearance.
   • Appropriate behavior.
   • Active listening.

4. Presentation and Demonstration

   Highlighting product benefits and convincing the customer.

   Risk Reduction Strategies:

   • Reference selling.
   • Demonstrations.
   • Guarantees.
   • Trial orders.

5. Negotiation

   Defining terms (price, credit, delivery, quantities).

   Guidelines:

   • Start high but

Conditionals

• Zero Conditional: If I put my finger on the sun, I get burned.
• 1st Conditional: If I'm feeling well, I will go to the mall.
• 2nd Conditional: If I won the lotto, I would travel the world.
• 3rd Conditional: If I had stopped at the traffic lights, I wouldn't have crashed.

The Causatives

Have/Get something done.

Reported Speech

Present Simple

• Direct Speech: "Go home now!"
• Reported Speech: Itziar told me to go home now.

Present Continuous

• Direct Speech: "She is making an effort."
• Reported Speech: He said that she was making an effort.

Present Perfect

• Direct Speech: "I haven't seen Julie."
• Reported Speech: She said she hadn't seen Julie.

The Passive Voice

Key Business Acronyms

• CCP: Chinese Communist Party
• OCA: Online Choice Architecture
• EBIT: Earnings Before Interest and Taxes
• CRS: Corporate Social Responsibility
• GPS: Global Positioning System
• COGS: Cost of Goods Sold

Scott Galloway on the Modern Business Landscape

Professor Scott Galloway highlights oil as the most important commodity. However, in the current era, he argues that social media platforms like TikTok are the real deal, although he believes TikTok should be banned due to its links with the CCP, which he considers a tool of espionage.

Innovation Strategies of Supermajors

Supermajors, or large oil and gas companies, are employing innovative strategies such as:

• Emotional Resonance: Engaging users through comments and attractive content.
• Offloading

Personal Brand Funnel: Build & Monetize Your Influence

The 4-Step Personal Brand Funnel

1. Awareness: Be Discovered

   To have a personal brand, your audience needs to know you exist; otherwise, your efforts are in vain. To achieve this, post content and be present on platforms where your audience is active.

   Best Exposure Platforms:

   • TikTok
   • Instagram (IG)
   • Twitter
   • YouTube

   Best Ways to Be Known:

   • Appropriate content on the appropriate platform.
   • Collaborate with other personal brands that already have an audience.

2. Gain Confidence: Convert Followers to Contacts

   Transition from "I think I know this person" to "I am interested in what they have to say." You need people to have confidence in you, not just follow you on social media, but also give you their contact

Lease Accounting: Vehicle Leases and Journal Entries

Today is May 31, X1, and we lease three vehicles to visit our factories for €120,000. The contractual conditions are as follows:

• The term of the lease is 4 years.
• The payments (€35,000 each) are annual and will be made on May 31. An additional €1,000 will be added as a purchase option in the final payment.
• Effective interest rate: 6.75%
• The estimated useful life for each vehicle is 8 years.

Lease Amortization Schedule

Journal Entries for Lease Transactions

May 31, X1: Initial Lease Recognition

The Impact of Online Shopping on Our Lives

Nowadays, online shopping has changed a lot of our lives. Do you think online shopping has good or bad sides? Online shopping certainly presents both advantages and disadvantages.

Advantages of Online Shopping

On the one hand, here are the primary arguments for using e-commerce:

1. Good Value and Budget-Friendly Options

   One of the main arguments is that things often offer good value. For example, a lot of people buy from Amazon or AliExpress; these online shops often offer competitive pricing, depending on the product.

2. Time Saving and Convenience

   The second advantage of online shopping is that it saves time. You do not have to go to a physical shop because you can view the product online from the comfort of

We must remember that when the division happened, most of the Muslims did not follow Ali; they followed Abu Bakr. During Ali's imamate in 656, the third Caliph Rashidun, the first Fitna war (656-661) occurred. It ended because Ali agreed to negotiate with his enemy to avoid the brutal civil war. However, this was seen as treason by some Shia extremists because they argued that power given by God could not be negotiated. Therefore, Ali was assassinated.

The Rise of Muawiya and Imam Hasan's Role

After the end of the first Fitna, Muawiya ruled as caliph from 661 to 680. Hasan, the second Imam (661-670), accepted Muawiya as caliph because he did not want to continue the war that opposed Sunni vs. Shia. However, Shia thought Hasan practiced Taqiyya... Continue reading "Shia Islam: History, Beliefs, and Practices" »

UNIT 5 Extension

Vocabulario

Exercise: 2

1. Punctuality        4. Timing

2. Arrival        5. Promptness

3. Apologetic        6. Being

Exercise: 3

1. On time        6. Time is up        11. Deadline

2. Ages        7. Come up

3. Fed up        8. Call off

4. Gone off        9. Short notice

5. Sharp        10. In stages

Exercise: 4

1. Pull that off        4. Just right

2. Slip up sometimes

3. Due until tomorrow        5. Time of my life

Gramática

Exercise: 2

1. Should have brought        4. Must have rained

2. Had better not tell        5. Could/Help

3. Could have been        6. May not have seen

Exercise: 3

1. May have        4. Has not

2. Should        5.

Idiomatic Expressions

• Be fond of - tener cariño a
• Be in the doghouse - estar castigado
• Be over the moon - estar encantado
• Be sick of - estar harto de
• Be down in the dumps - estar depre
• Have something/nothing in common - tener algo/nada en común
• Me time - tiempo para mí
• Keep your cool - mantener la calma
• Lose your head - perder la cabeza
• Love at first sight - amor a primera vista
• Through thick and thin - en lo bueno y en lo malo
• (Feel) Under the weather - no encontrarse bien

Relationship Verbs

• Ask someone out - invitar a salir
• Be in a relationship - tener una relación con
• Break up with - romper con
• Flirt - tontear con alguien
• Get married to - casarse con
• Get on well with - llevarse bien con
• Get over - superar (e.g., con el tiempo la olvidó)
• Get to know - llegar