Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

Item 4: Characteristics of the Internal Combustion Engine

1. Engine Performance

Chemical Energy (Fuel) / Thermal Energy (Combustion) / Mechanical Energy (Piston Displacement)

The chemical energy contained in the fuel is converted into heat through combustion. The resulting increase in pressure moves the piston, thus obtaining mechanical energy. Efficiency is calculated as follows:

n = (Energy obtained / Energy supplied) * 100 (%)

Power Loss:

• Heat Loss: Due to the cooling system and heat transfer to the outside.
• Mechanical Losses: Friction between moving parts and driving auxiliary devices.
• Chemical Losses: Due to incomplete combustion.

2. Types of Performance

• Thermal
• Mechanical
• Effective
• Volumetric

3. Key Features of Engines

• Engine Torque
• Specific Power
• Specific

Alicia's Character Profile

General Description

Age: 16 years old (just turned)

Appearance

• Neither overweight nor too thin, with lots of curves
• Long, dark hair (styled in layers after meeting John)
• Height: 1.70 m
• Weight: 55 kg
• Large, deep black eyes
• Full lips
• Oval face
• Flat nose
• Small ears
• Attracts a lot of attention from men, as she is transitioning from girl to woman

Personality

Alicia is a very dreamy young woman, especially when it comes to love. She believes her prince charming will appear at any moment. Her vivid imagination is a boon to her writing, captivating her fans. However, real life often proves to be a major inconvenience, as she experiences many of life's harsh realities, which are not as pretty as she would like.

She is very outgoing, which... Continue reading "Alicia's Character Profile: A Deep Dive into Her Life" »

Planck's Theory

The energy emitted by radiation is directly proportional to the frequency of radiation.

Bohr Model

Postulates:

1. Electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbits without emitting energy.
2. Electrons are only allowed in orbits where their angular momentum is a multiple of h/2π.
3. When an electron moves between orbits, the energy difference is emitted as radiation.

Bohr determined the radius, energy, and location of electrons within these orbits.

Sommerfeld's Modifications

Sommerfeld modified the Bohr model to include elliptical orbits. He introduced a second quantum number, which depends on the first and describes the orbit's shape.

l = 0 ... (n-1)

Zeeman Effect: When an atomic spectrum is subjected to a magnetic field, spectral lines... Continue reading "Atomic Structure and Quantum Mechanics" »

Adjective Clauses

An adjective clause modifies a noun or pronoun. It typically begins with a relative pronoun (who, whom, whose, which, that) or a relative adverb (where, when, why).

They function as adjectives, providing additional information about the noun or pronoun they modify.

Examples:

• The dog barking does not bite.
• They gave all that had requested.

Relative Adverbs

Relative adverbs (where, when, how) can also introduce adjective clauses.

Example:

The village where that writer was born is south.

More Examples

• I saw Luis leaving his friends.
• We take the motorway to Huesca opened last month.

Adjective clauses have a history and are adjacent to the nucleus, forming part of the noun phrase.

Example:

The dog barking does not bite.

They are switchable by... Continue reading "Understanding Adjective and Adverbial Clauses: Usage and Examples" »

Finding the Vertex Coordinates of a Parallelogram

The points A (-2, 3, 1), B (2, -1, 3), and C (0, 1, -2) are consecutive vertices of the parallelogram ABCD.

(a) Find the Vertex Coordinates of D

If ABCD are the vertices of a parallelogram, free vectors AB and DC are equal:

• AB = (4, -4, 2)
• DC = (-x, 1 - y, -2 - z)

Equating coordinates, we have x = -4, y = 5, and z = -4. The missing point is D (-4, 5, -4).

(b) Equation of the Line Through B and Parallel to Diagonal AC

The line passes through point B (2, -1, 3) and has a direction vector AC = (2, -2, -3). Its continuous equation is:

(x - 2) / 2 = (y + 1) / -2 = (z - 3) / -3

(c) Equation of the Plane Containing the Parallelogram

We can use point B (2, -1, 3) and the vectors BA = (-4, 4, -2) and BC = (-2,... Continue reading "Solving Problems with Parallelograms, Lines, and Planes in 3D Space" »

The Marshall Plan

• Marshall delivered a project to aid economic recovery in Europe.
• Marshall Plan Objectives:
  • Avoid the mistake of isolating the United States after the First World War.
  • Create a strong core of capitalist economies; this could curb the temptations of communism.
• The Marshall Plan provided aid credits to countries that benefited from it and was instrumental in their quick recovery.
• A prerequisite for inclusion in the plan was the acceptance of democracy and capitalism.
• The USSR and other Communist countries were left out, although in 1949, they founded the CMEA (Council for Mutual Economic Assistance, also known as Comecon), a socialist economic cooperative body.

The Beginnings of the Cold War: The Korean War

• The Cold War marked international

Kant's Critique of Pure Reason: Introduction

This text will discuss a fragment from the introduction to Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason. Before analyzing the text, it's necessary to briefly introduce the ideas and present the central problem.

Kant's Requirements for Scientific Propositions

According to Kant, a proposition must possess universal, necessary, and real character to be considered scientific. This corresponds to knowledge-dogmatic assertions. Empiricism posits that the form and content of ideas are contributions of the object. Critics of this theory of knowledge raised concerns about the validity of science, questioning whether an idea is true when based solely on sense perception.

Rationalism vs. Empiricism

Rationalist theory... Continue reading "Kant's Critique: Synthetic A Priori Judgments Explained" »

The captain took the two passengers to the house of Count Guadalmedina. There, he explained that the two travelers who had tried to kill were the Prince of Wales and the Marquis of Buckingham. Alatriste, very surprised, slept in the house. The next morning, the Prince of Wales and the Marquis of Buckingham were paraded throughout Madrid. Martin Saldana told the captain that strangers wanted to see him, a matter of great interest. Alatriste went to the house with Martin. There, the strangers were told that she would not do anything for what happened. Leaving there, several swordsmen fought with the captain, who received help from Íñigo. After several days, Alatriste was summoned to the Court by Don Luis de Alquézar, who handed him a letter... Continue reading "Intrigue and Honor: Captain Alatriste's Madrid Adventure" »

Requirements for Chilean Citizenship (Art. 13, CPE 1980)

• Be 18 years of age.
• Not have been sentenced to corporal punishment.

Citizenship Rights Granted (Art. 13, CPE 1980)

The status of citizen grants voting rights, eligibility for elective office, and other rights conferred by the Constitution or the law.

Characteristics of Suffrage (Art. 15, CPE 1980)

• Suffrage is universal.
• Suffrage is equal.
• The vote is secret.
• Voting is compulsory (Reformed).

Additional principles:

• Suffrage is direct.
• The vote must be informed.

Disqualification from Suffrage (Art. 16, CPE 1980)

The right to vote is suspended:

1. On interdiction if found with dementia.
2. For the person accused of a crime that deserves corporal punishment or a crime that the law qualifies as terrorist behavior.

Building Disability Employment Contracts

Concept: Spike contactacio aimed at workers with disabilities with a degree equal to or greater than 33% of pensioners or social security.

• Length: Minimum 12 months, maximum 3 years.
• Day: Full-time or part-time.
• Incentives: Company bonuses depend on the level of disability, sex, and age.
• Compensation: Workers are entitled to 12 days' salary per year of service (anticipation of retirement age).

Concept: These contracts are intended to replace workers who seek to anticipate retirement.

Requirements: Must be registered as unemployed at the employment office.

Indefinite Contracts

Concept: Aims to recruit workers indefinitely.

Requirements: No special requirements for companies or workers.

Form: Can be verbal or written.... Continue reading "Employment Contracts in Spain: Types and Requirements" »