Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP)

1. The National Disaster Management Plan (NDMP) was first released in 2016 by the Government of India.
2. It is prepared by the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA).
3. It provides a framework for disaster prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
4. The plan focuses on all types of disasters – *natural* (floods, earthquakes, cyclones) and *man-made* (industrial accidents, chemical disasters).
5. It aligns with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (2015–2030), ensuring international best practices are followed.
6. The plan emphasizes a “Build Back Better” approach during recovery and reconstruction.
7. It assigns specific roles and responsibilities to central, state, and local authorities.

आयुर्वेद के 13 प्रमुख द्रव्य: गुण, कर्म और प्रसिद्ध योग

1. जटामांसी (Jatamansi)

वानस्पतिक नाम: Nardostachys jatamansi (Valerianaceae कुल)

इसे "तपस्विनी" और "मूलीसरा" भी कहा जाता है, तथा अंग्रेज़ी में इसे Spikenard कहते हैं।

• रस, गुण, वीर्य, विपाक: तिक्त-कषाय रस, लघु-तिक्त गुण, शीतवीर्य, मधुर विपाक।
• मुख्य प्रयोग (कर्म): मनोविकार, अनिद्रा और

Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry Techniques

Analytical techniques are methods used to identify, quantify, and understand the chemical composition and structure of substances. These techniques are broadly classified into qualitative (what is present) and quantitative (how much is present) methods.

Major Analytical Methods

Common analytical techniques include:

• Gravimetric Analysis: Involves measuring the mass of a substance to determine the amount of analyte.
• Titrimetric (Volumetric) Analysis: Based on measuring the volume of a standard solution required to react with the analyte.
• Spectroscopic Methods: Measure the interaction between light and matter.
• Electrochemical Methods: Based on the measurement of electrical properties.

Preparation and Standardization

############################### lAB 9 ####################3
import gymnasium as gym
import numpy as np
import tensorflow as tf

# Create the environment
env = gym.Make("CartPole-v1")

# Define a simple neural network model for the policy
model = tf.Keras.Sequential([
    tf.Keras.Layers.Dense(16, activation='relu', input_shape=(env.Observation_space.Shape[0],)),
    tf.Keras.Layers.Dense(env.Action_space.N, activation='softmax')
])

# Define the optimizer
optimizer = tf.Keras.Optimizers.Adam(learning_rate=0.01)

# Function to choose an action based on the current policy
def choose_action(state):
    """
    Chooses an action based on the probabilities output by the policy model.
    Args:
        state (np.Array): The current observation/state from... Continue reading "Implementing REINFORCE Policy Gradient for CartPole-v1" »

JavaScript: The Heart of Interactive Web Development

JavaScript is a powerful and widely used programming language mainly used for making websites interactive and dynamic. It works on the client-side, which means it runs inside the user's web browser. JavaScript allows web pages to respond to user actions like clicking buttons, typing in text boxes, hovering over images, and more. It works together with HTML (for structure) and CSS (for design) to build modern and user-friendly websites. It is easy to learn and used by almost every website today.

Apart from the client-side, JavaScript is also used on the server-side using platforms like Node.js, which allows building full web applications using JavaScript alone. It is a platform-independent language,... Continue reading "Core Web Development Concepts: Languages, Protocols, and Frameworks" »

Step 1: Identify Your Primary Use

• Daily Commute: Prioritize organization, laptop protection, and weather resistance.
• Outdoor Adventures: Focus on durability and higher weatherproofing.
• Travel: Look for modularity and spaciousness with weatherproof features.

Step 2: Match Fabric Types to Needs

1)A virtual-circuit network (VCN) is a hybrid network model that combines features of both circuit-switched and datagram networks. It provides a balance between connection-oriented and connectionless transmission methods :-Three Phases in a Virtual-Circuit Network In a virtual-circuit network, the communication between a source and destination involves three phases: setup, data transfer, and teardown. These phases ensure that a reliable path is established and maintained for the communication session. 1. Setup Phase: o The source and destination use their global addresses to establish a connection. During this phase, switches along the path create table entries to store information about the virtual circuit. This phase ensures that each switch... Continue reading "Core Concepts in Network Layer Protocols and Routing" »

Windows Server 2016 Disk Storage Types: Basic vs. Dynamic

Windows Server 2016 supports two essential disk storage types: basic disks and dynamic disks. They differ significantly in how they manage partitions and volumes:

• Basic Disks: Use traditional disk management techniques and contain primary partitions, extended partitions, and logical drives.
• Dynamic Disks: Do not use traditional partitioning. Dynamic disks offer greater flexibility than basic disks, providing virtually no restriction on the number of volumes that can be created on a single disk.

Purpose and Function of a Subnet Mask

A subnet mask is a crucial component in networking used to divide an IP address into two distinct parts: the network portion and the host portion. Its primary... Continue reading "Windows Server 2016 Fundamentals: Storage, Networking, and Security" »

Historical Events and Figures: Key Facts

1. Connecting Historical Statements

Connect the following statements:

• 1-B
• 2-C
• 3-A

2. Leader of the Slovak Fascist State

Who led the Slovak Fascist State?

Jozef Tiso

3. Fate of Nazi Slovakia Post-War

What happened to Nazi Slovakia after the war?

After Nazi Germany was defeated, Slovakia and Czechoslovakia were restored into a unitary state again.

4. The Prague Spring: Start and End

When did the Prague Spring start and end?

Start: 5th January 1968

End: 21st August 1968

5. Nikita Khrushchev's Role

Who was Nikita Khrushchev?

He was the leader of the Soviet Union from 1953-1964. He initiated de-Stalinization, a series of political and social reforms.

6. Defining the Holocaust

What was the Holocaust? Write a definition:

The Holocaust... Continue reading "World History Facts: Key Events and Figures" »

In ground wave propagation, radio waves travel along the surface of the Earth, following the curvature of the planet. Freq Range: 30 kHz to 300 kHz (Low Freq). Key Points: Travels along the ground. Strongly attenuated by terrain, trees, buildings, etc. Limited to short distances (few hundred km). APPS: AM radio (MW band). Navigation systems & military communication.In sky wave propagation, radio waves R transmitted towards the ionosphere, which reflects or refracts them back to Earth. Freq Range: 3 MHz to 30 MHz (High Freq). Key Points: Enables long-distance communication, even intercontinental. Depends on time of day, solar activity, & ionospheric conditions. Reflected by ionospheric layers (F-layer, E-layer, etc.). APPS: International... Continue reading "Understanding Radio Wave Propagation and Signal Processing" »