Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Other courses

Assam's Role in the Swadeshi Movement

The Swadeshi Movement, which began in 1905 as a response to the Partition of Bengal, soon spread to other parts of India, including Assam. The people of Assam actively participated in the movement, promoting the use of Indian-made goods and boycotting British products.

Key Organizations Promoting Swadeshi in Assam

Various associations and organizations were formed in Assam to promote the Swadeshi Movement. Some of these included:

• The Assam Association
• The Asomiya Bhasar Unnati Sadhini Sabha
• The Utkal Sammilani

Welfare Activities and Indirect Benefits

To achieve their objectives, these organizations undertook several welfare activities, which resulted in indirect benefits from the Swadeshi Movement. These activities... Continue reading "Assam's Contribution to India's Freedom Struggle: 1905-1922" »

Customer Value: (Quality, Time, Flexibility, Customer Experience, Innovation) / Price

Sustainability Paradigms: Economic (Viable, Equitable), Environment (Viable, Bearable), Social (Bearable, Equitable)

- Efficiency (Optimization), Differentiator (Innovation), Driver (Motivation) | - Audits (Assess Sustainability Performance)

Table 7.3: Factors for Calculating Three-Sigma Limits for the X (Bar) Chart and R-Chart

*A sample is out of control if its value falls below the LCL or above the UCL*

File Operations

• ls — List files and directories (-a for hidden, -l for detailed)
• cd [directory] — Change directory
• mkdir [directory] — Create directory
• cp [source] [destination] — Copy files/directories (-r for recursive)
• mv [source] [destination] — Move or rename files/directories
• rm [file] — Remove files (-r for recursive)
• chmod [permissions] [file] — Change file permissions
• chown [user]:[group] [file] — Change file ownership

System Monitoring

• top / htop — Monitor system processes
• ps — List running processes
• df -h — Display disk space usage
• free -m — Show memory usage

Networking Commands

• ifconfig / ip a — Display network interfaces
• ping [host] — Test network connectivity
• netstat -tuln — List network connections
• nmap [IP] — Scan

Define Callus and Describe Procedure For Callus Culture

A callus culture is a mass of irregular undifferentiated parenchymatous and totipotent cells. These cells have the ability to divide and differentiate to form an entire organism. It is formed in culture media due to active mitotic division of the cells of the explant. Callus culturing is used in the production of secondary metabolites for plant regeneration.

Types of Callus Culture

• Compact Callus
• Friable Callus

1) Compact Callus

It shows densely aggregated cells.

2) Friable Callus

It shows loosely associated cells, and the callus becomes soft and breaks easily.

Stages of Callus Culture

There are three stages of callus culture:

1) Induction

Cells in the explant dedifferentiate and begin to divide.

2)

Fundamentals of CNC Machining and Group Technology

1. Computer Numerical Control (CNC) Concepts

CNC (Computer Numerical Control) is a core technology in modern manufacturing that enables the precise control of machine tools through automated, pre-programmed instructions.

Key CNC Parameters and Axis Definitions

• IPM (Inches Per Minute): Used to define the Feed Rate.
• RPM (Revolutions Per Minute): Used to define the Spindle Speed.

Axis Clarification: The Y-direction axis is not the same as the tool spindle rotation or workpiece rotation axis. (False)

CNC G-Codes and M-Codes Reference

These codes are essential for controlling machine movement and auxiliary functions:

VOCABULARY: APPROACH DELAYS

Agricultural Income 2(1A)

Bacha F. Guzdar V. CIT - Dividend income from agricultural company
Sakarlal Naranlal V. CIT - Galka and Loofah
CIT Poona V. HG Date - Jaggery sold since no sugar mill
CIT V. Raja Benoy Kumar Sahas Roy - Spontaneous growth in forest 1. Primary and secondary
Premier Construction Co. Ltd. v. C.I.T. - Part income 10% from an agricultural company not agricultural income.
C.I.T. v. Maddi Venkatasubbayya - Income derived from selling processed agricultural products (tobacco) not agricultural income.

Application and Diversion

CIT V. Sital Dass Tirathdas - Consent decree - alimony
CIT V. Sunil J. Kinariwala - Trust
Raja Bejoy Singh Dudhuria V. CIT - Step mother

Income from House Property

C.I.T., West Bengal v. Biman Behari Shaw, Shebait... Continue reading "Understanding Agricultural Income and Related Tax Cases" »

Competitiveness and Trade

Nominal Exchange Rates

When our currency's value increases, our competitiveness decreases, and importations increase in relative terms.

Price Levels

• Our Country: If prices in our country increase, our exports decrease, and imports increase.
• Foreign Country: If prices in foreign countries increase, our competitiveness increases, benefiting our exports, and our imports decrease.

Foreign Exchange Market

• Price Determination: The exchange rate between countries is established based on supply and demand.
• Hedging: Protection against currency fluctuations, safeguarding investors and businesses from losses due to currency appreciation or depreciation.
• International Finance: Countries can lend and borrow money by converting currencies.

Load Signal and Parameters

We load the signal we need.

load('tecla_piano.mat');

We calculate the sampling period and the number of samples.

Ts = 1/fs;
N = length(data);
n = 0:N-1;
nTs = n * Ts;

Set the number of frequency points which generate the spectrums. We also generate the frequency vector.

nFFT = 2 * fs;
f = (0:nFFT-1) * fs/(nFFT-1);

Time Domain Signal Representation

We represent the input signal in the time domain.

figure;
plot(nTs,data);
title('Input signal, TIME domain');
xlabel('nT_{S} (s)');
ylabel('data[nT_{S}] (V)');
grid on;

Signal Spectrum Analysis

We calculate and observe the spectrum of the signal. From the magnitude spectrum, we decide that we want to filter the signal up to 1000 Hz and we want to remove it completely from 1500 Hz up.... Continue reading "FIR Low-Pass Filter Design with Window Method" »

Forward Exchange (EUR/SEK):

x = Exchange rate * (1 + SEK interest rate) / (1 + EUR interest rate).

CAP: Establishes an upper limit on interest rates. Floor: Establishes a lower limit on interest rates. EBITDA: Higher than net income. ROE: Return on Equity. For the equity the company provides, it generates an operating income of X annually.

Theoretical Semiannual Euribor:

(1 + First-half rate) * (1 + Second-half rate) = (1 + Annual rate).

Nominal Exchange Rate: (Nominal Exchange Rate * Domestic Price Level) / Foreign Price Level.

Spot Market: Notional amount * (1 / Current exchange rate - 1 / Initial exchange rate). Positive value means that in 9 months the spot market will be more expensive.

FXA (Foreign Exchange Agreement): Notional amount * (1... Continue reading "Understanding Forex, Financial Ratios, and Country Competitiveness" »