Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Other courses

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Conditional Sentences in English

If I finish early, I will call you.

She will know the answer if she tries to understand.

If I were a star, I would help the needy.

He would buy a house if he had a job.

She would be happy if she married him.

If he had been careful, he would not have had that terrible accident.

I would have passed the exam if I had worked hard.

Her father would not have died if he had gone to the doctor.

They have had lots of homework in mathematics recently.

Questions and Observations

• How much time do you need to finish the work?
• There are too many students in the library.
• Have you visited any foreign countries?
• Although he's very ill, he hasn't taken any medicine.
• Few people know as much about linguistics as John does.
• They say little knowledge

Copyright: Definition and Purpose

Copyright means a single specimen of a particular book, record, or other publication or issue. Right means a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something.

Definition

According to Eric Miller, copyright refers to the laws that regulate the use of the work of a creator, such as an artist or author. This includes copying, distributing, altering, and displaying creative, literary, and other types of work. Unless otherwise stated in a contract, the author or creator of a work retains the copyright.

Purpose of Copyright

• Protect the creator of a work.
• Promote the progress of useful arts and science.
• Maintain law and order in society.
• Protect individual's rights.

Background of Copyright Law

Copyright was recognized only... Continue reading "Copyright Law in Pakistan: Understanding Your Rights" »

A partnership is a form of business where two or more people share ownership, as well as the responsibility for managing the company and the income or losses the business generates. That income is paid to partners, who then claim it on their personal tax returns – the business is not taxed separately, as corporations are, on its profits or losses.

There are three types of partnerships:

• General partnership
• Limited partnership
• Joint venture

General Partnership

In a general partnership, each partner shares equally in the workload, liability, and profits generated and paid out to the partners. All partners are actively involved in the business’s operations.

Limited Partnership

Limited partnerships allow outside investors to buy into a business but... Continue reading "Understanding the Different Types of Partnerships and Their Key Differences" »

Advantages of Free Trade

International Specialization

Free trade promotes international specialization, allowing countries to focus on producing goods they have a comparative advantage in. This leads to a wider variety of products and increased total production.

Increase in World Production and Consumption

Free trade enables industries to benefit from economies of scale, leading to increased world production and consumption of internationally traded goods at lower costs.

Safeguard against Monopolies

Free trade fosters competition and helps prevent domestic monopolies by opening markets to international players.

Links with Other Countries

International trade promotes the exchange of knowledge, ideas, and culture, fostering better understanding and reducing... Continue reading "Advantages and Disadvantages of Free Trade: A Comprehensive Guide" »

The Spanish Financial Crisis

Ley del Suelo

The Spanish financial crisis began as an extension of the international financial crisis of 2008, but internal imbalances accumulated in the pre-crisis period aggravated the situation.

Causes of the Crisis

The main cause of Spain's crisis was the housing bubble and the accompanying unsustainably high GDP growth rate. The ballooning tax revenues from the booming property investment and construction sectors kept the Spanish government's revenue in surplus, despite strong increases in expenditure, until 2007. The rapid economic growth encouraged a boom in property. In 2006, Spain started building 800,000 new homes – more than Germany, Italy, France, and the UK combined.

However, in 2008, Spain was badly... Continue reading "The Spanish Financial Crisis: Causes, Effects, and Austerity Measures" »

CA deficit: consuming more than  producing.If there is a current account deficit, it means There is a surplus on the financial / capital account. 

A CA deficit is considered harmful because: - If a current account deficit is financed through Borrowing it is said to be more unsustainable. This is because borrowing is Unsustainable in the long term and countries will be burdened with high Interest payments.Countries with large interest payments have little left over to spend on investment.

-A current account deficit, may imply that you Are relying on consumer spending, and are becoming uncompetitive. This leads to lower growth of the export sector. 

-A Balance of payments deficit may cause a Loss of confidence by foreign investors. Therefore,... Continue reading "are" »

Igneous:form.Melting Magma(surface),Lava:magma extruded to surface,Granite&Basalt. Intrusive(below surf pluton-100km2batholith)Extrusive(above surf)90% crust,Jointing-parallel cracks,Exfoliation-peel-off.(Ex.Dome)

Sedimentary:compounds settling(weathering,compaction,cementation-Limestone&SandStone)strata=layers,Clastic sediments=transported water,wind,ice,grav.Chemical sediments=minerals dissolved solution.

Metamorphic:altering processes(heat&pressure)Harder,compression, crushed,cooked,shear and stress.Ex:Marble,Gneiss,slate.Foliated=texture distinct wavy lines of min. Plate tectonics:adrift cause convection currents in upper mantle 6cm/y,Pangae=allEarth-225mil y Triassic Period,Tectonic=building-constr.Sea-floor-spreading-64miKm... Continue reading "Comparing the surface wind to the 3000ft wind:" »

Be; Was/were; been; ser, estar

Beat; beat; beaten; golpear

Become; became; become; llegar a ser

Begin; began; begun; empezar

Bend; bent; bent; doblar

Bet; bet; bet; apostar

Bite; bit; bitten; morder

Bleed; bled; bled; sangrar

Blow; blew; blown; soplar

Break; broke; broken; romper

Bring; brought; brought; traer

Build; built; built; construir

Burn; burnt; burnt; quemar

Buy; bought; bought; comprar

Catch; caught; caught; coger

Choose; chose; chosen; elegir

Come; came; come; venir

Cost; cost; cost; costar

Cut; cut; cut; cortar

Dig; dug; dug; cavar

Do; did; done; hacer

Draw; drew; drawn; dibujar

Dream; dreamt; dreamt; soñar

Drink; drank; drunk; beber

Drive; drove; driven; conducir

Eat; ate; eaten; comer

Fall; fell; fallen; fallen; caer

Feed; fed; fed; alimentarse

Feel; felt;... Continue reading "Common Irregular Verbs in English" »

This pushes your blood through your body: heart (corazon)

Grammar: the comparative, superlative, and equative