Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Music

Neoclassicism: Art in an Age of Revolution

At the outbreak of the French Revolution, Neoclassicism was the dominant art style. It was maintained during the Revolution and the Napoleonic Empire, but it left its academic, customary, and courtly confines to become a witness to the historical events of the moment.

Key Figures and Manifestations

• In architecture, triumphal arches and commemorative columns were erected, such as the Vendôme Column, built to celebrate Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Austerlitz.
• Canova created portraits of Napoleon and his family, with the sculpture of Pauline Bonaparte being particularly emphasized.
• Jacques-Louis David was the official painter of the French Revolution, a role reflected in works such as The Oath of the

Technical Poetics

Metrics and Rhyme in Verses and Songs

The majority of Catalan poetry is based on metrics and syllabic stress (number of syllables and accent distribution).

• Syneresis: Pronouncing a single syllable of a vowel hiatus.
• Dieresis: Separating syllables in a different diphthong.
• Synalepha, Hiatus, Elisio: Members can delete contact (a, e unstressed).

Classes of Verses

• Art Major: Less than 9 syllables.
• Art Minor: 9 or more syllables.

Cesura is the break that divides the verse into two hemistiches. Hemistich: Each behaves as a verse. Verses of Art Minor do not have a caesura except for the octosyllable (4 + 4). The verses of Art Major that do not have a caesura are the eneasyllabic and Italian decasyllabic. The verses of Art Major that have... Continue reading "Catalan Poetry: Metrics, Rhyme, and Rhetorical Devices" »

Metric Concepts

• Prose: Always write forward.
• Verse: Writing with a certain measure, often structured in lines and stanzas.
• Narrative: Storytelling.
• Lyric: Expressing feelings.

How to Work with Verses

Analysis of the Form

Lines

• Measuring Lines
  • Separate Syllables: Each syllable has only one vowel sound.
  • License Application Metrics:
    • Sinalefa: Union of the last syllable of a word ending in a vowel with the first syllable of the next word beginning with a vowel.
    • Syneresis: Similar to sinalefa, but occurs within a word. A syllable with a vowel sound meets the following if it starts with a vowel to form a single syllable.
    • Umlauts: Two points are placed on top of an *i* or *u* to indicate that a diphthong should be counted as two syllables.
  • Rules for the implementation

Henry Purcell (1659-1695)

Incorporating elements of French and Italian styles, but with a personal stamp characterized by nobility, dignity, seriousness, delicacy, and sensitivity. He is considered the most important English Baroque composer, although he sometimes faced technical limitations. He served as organist of Westminster Abbey and harpsichordist of the royal chamber, serving monarchs like Charles II, James II, and William & Mary.

Purcell cultivated all genres, including:

• Hymns and religious choirs
• Theatre music (e.g., for plays)
• Chamber works
• Opera

His operas include Dido and Aeneas (composed for a girls' boarding school, noted for its relative simplicity), which brought him significant fame, as well as works like King Arthur and The Tempest.... Continue reading "Baroque Composers: Purcell, Rameau & Opera" »

Romanticism

1. Main Characteristics

• Chronology: 1805 (Beethoven's 3rd Symphony premiere) to 1905 (Debussy's La Mer premiere).
• Rise of Nationalism: From the latter half of the 19th century, nations sought independence from major political powers. Composers reflected this by incorporating folk elements into their work.

2. Instrumental Music

• Importance: Instrumental music was considered the most important art form due to its ability to express deep emotions without words.
• Orchestral Growth: The orchestra expanded, leading to the concept of the symphony orchestra and the construction of large concert halls to meet bourgeois demand.
• Rise of the Piano: A need for intimate music suitable for bourgeois homes led to the piano becoming the most important instrument

The 19th Century: Romanticism and Realism

In the first half-century, liberal revolutions occurred against the former regime. In the second half, the bourgeoisie took hold as the dominant class in society. Romanticism corresponds to the period in which society was immersed in the liberal revolutionary process. Realism coincides with the stage where revolutions had succeeded. Romanticism contrasts the ideal and the real, i.e., it seeks to transform a reality with which it feels dissatisfied. Realism, conversely, tries to describe society as it is. The romantic writer uses subjectivity, while the realist writer describes with objectivity.

1. Society of the Romantic Era

The Romantic Era began with the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of absolute... Continue reading "19th Century Cultural Shifts: Romanticism and Realism" »

Romanticism

Romanticism was a cultural movement that opposed the characteristic principles of the Enlightenment. It emerged as a result of the profound social and ideological crisis of the early decades of the 19th century. The origins of Romanticism can be found in the 18th century, especially in German philosophy and culture.

Key Characteristics of Romanticism

• Irrationalism: Romanticism refused to fully explain reality through reason.
• Subjectivism: If reason has its limits, other forms of knowledge are necessary. For the Romantics, these included intuition, imagination, and instinct.
• Idealism: Romantics had a predilection for the ideal, for the absolute.
• Individualism: Romantics had an acute and painful awareness of their own personality, distinct

Understanding the Baroque Concept

To Eugenio d'Ors, the Baroque is a historical constant that occurs regularly in very different times. It is synonymous with the ornate and the artificial. A Baroque phase can be understood as one that includes many characters and elements, often seen as an opposite trend to classicism.

As an artistic period, the Baroque primarily spans the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. The term 'Baroque' was coined in the 19th century, initially carrying a negative connotation. This style was often interpreted as ornate, decadent, and overly verbose by subsequent generations.

Its birthplace was Italy, particularly the city of Rome, from where it spread throughout Europe and eventually reached the Americas.... Continue reading "The Baroque Era: Art, History, and Cultural Impact" »

Romanticism

Romanticism began in the late 18th century and covered the entire first half of the 19th century.

Definition

We can define it as a school, movement, and flow. As a school, it had a manifesto in the preface of the book "Cromwell." It was important as a school in France. It was a literary and artistic movement, but there might be a flow because it razed everything and was in all the arts, philosophy, economics, politics, and even life itself.

Origins

The origins are Nordic; it began at once in Germany and England and immediately was in France, spreading from there to the rest of Europe.

Characteristics

1. Lyricism: This comes from "lyrical," the lyre (a musical instrument that accompanied poetry in antiquity). Lyricism is a very subjective

Romanticism

The Romantic Spirit

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, Europe witnessed a cultural movement of liberal and revolutionary character, which opposed the Enlightenment rationalism of Neoclassicism. This new thinking, manifested in all the arts, emphasized the role of human beings and their emotions, in contrast to the rule of reason. This was Romanticism.

Characteristics of Romanticism

Romanticism brought a new vision of the world. The Enlightenment model of the eighteenth century became a prison for Romantics, preventing them from expressing their passions, fantasies, and dreams. Therefore, artists rebelled against the established order and sought new forms of expression. Key characteristics include:

• Subjectivity: Art