Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Music

The Classical Music Era

Classic is considered to be top-class, first-rate, and of lasting value. It signifies a style that emphasizes grace and simplicity, beauty of line and shape, balance and proportion, order and control. The Classical music period is broadly divided into two categories: the Classical period itself and its precursors/influences. The Classical period (C) is generally considered to have been composed between approximately 1750 and 1820, with key figures like Haydn and Mozart.

Key Stylistic Features

• Style Galant: A courtly style primarily intended to please the listener. Much of the music from this period can be lacking in depth, but it is polished, polite, and extremely elegant.
• Later Classical Music Style: This style matured

Poetry Reference Tables: Forms, Rhyme, and Structure

Common Types of Poem (Forms)

• Diamante: A 7-line, diamond-shaped poem that follows a pattern using specific parts of speech.
• Haiku: An unrhymed poem consisting of 3 lines and 17 syllables (5, 7, 5). It typically describes something in nature.
• Acrostic: The first letters of the lines of this poem spell out the topic or title of the poem.
• Cinquain: An unrhymed, 5-line poem. Each line has a set number of words or syllables and a specific function.
• Couplet: A pair of lines that rhyme. It may be complete in itself or may be part of a longer poem.
• Limerick: A humorous 5-line poem, often consisting of 13 beats, following the AABBA rhyme scheme.
• Quatrain: A 4-line poem. Common rhyme schemes include AABB,

Every musical instrument has its own timbre. It is very important for a composer to know about the timbres and expressive qualities of them.

Impressionism

Characteristics: Conveys moods and emotions through tone color.

Origin: France

Composer: Claude Debussy

Musical Features: Slow tempo, lack of contrast or shape, focus on tone color.

Expressionism

Characteristics: Expresses emotion through music intended to create discomfort and unease.

Origin: Austria & Germany

Composer: Arnold Schoenberg

Musical Features: Harsh, tense, uneasy, and uncomfortable melodies and harmonies; dissonant and dark.

Serialism

Characteristics: A systematic approach to composition using a row of pitches derived from the chromatic scale (12-tone technique).

Origin: Austria & Germany

Composer: Arnold Schoenberg

Musical Features: Dissonant, atonal (lack of tonality), based on a pre-ordered series of pitches.

Audience

1. Main Genres of Literature

1. Name the 3 main genres of literature in general

• Poetry, Drama, and Fiction (or Prose).

2. Defining Children's Literature

2. Define children’s literature in your own words.

• Children’s literature typically consists of short stories that are appropriate for children in terms of emotional and moral value.

3. Children's Literature Sub-Genres and Examples

• Adventure: Robinson Crusoe

• Toy: Winnie-the-Pooh

• Fantasy: The Hobbit

4. What is a Fable?

• Fables are humorous short stories featuring animals as main characters, each conveying a particular moral lesson. Aesop, who lived around the 6th century BC, is credited with writing many well-known fables.

5. The Works of James Janeway

• James Janeway wrote A Token for Children in 1671 (not 1692)

Early Life and Training in Bonn

Born on December 16, 1770, in Bonn, Germany, Ludwig van Beethoven's early life was marked by rigorous musical training under his demanding father. Driven by the ambition to mold him into "the new Mozart," Beethoven's father's methods, coupled with his struggles with alcoholism, impacted the young Beethoven's personal and academic life. Despite facing challenges, Beethoven's exceptional talent was evident from a young age. By the age of seven, he was already captivating audiences with his piano recitals, earning the admiration of renowned musicians like Christian Gottlob Neefe, who became his mentor.

A Budding Musician in Vienna

At the age of 16, Beethoven embarked on a journey to Vienna, the music capital of the... Continue reading "Ludwig van Beethoven: A Musical Prodigy's Journey" »

Song Introduction

Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh! Oh-oh-oh-oh-oh-oh!

Caught in a bad romance

Pre-Chorus

Rah rah ah-ah-ah! Ro mah ro-mah-mah

Gaga oh-la-la! Want your bad romance

Verse 1

I want your ugly, I want your disease

I want your everything, as long as it's free

I want your love, love-love-love, I want your love

I want your drama, the touch of your hand

I want your leather-studded kiss in the sand

I want your love, love-love-love, I want your love

(Love-love-love, I want your love)

You know that I want you

And you know that I need you

I want it bad, your bad romance

Chorus

I want your love and I want your revenge

You and me could write a bad romance (Oh-oh-oh-oh-oooh!)

I want your love and all your lovers' revenge

You and me could write a bad romance

Post-Chorus

Oh-oh-oh-oh-... Continue reading "Bad Romance Lyrics: Lady Gaga's Iconic Pop Anthem" »

Revenge Tragedy

Revenge tragedy is a genre of English theatre written from the mid-1580s to the early 1640s. The main themes of these plays are ghosts, incest, rape, torture, perversion, murder, betrayal, madness, strong passions, bloody violence, etc. Some of the most influential writers of this time were John Ford, Thomas Middleton, Thomas Kyd, John Marston, John Webster, George Chapman and Cyril Tourneur. We can distinguish some plays such as Kyd’s Spanish Tragedy, which initiated the dramatic archetype, inventing the basic formula.

Notable Works

Another crowd-pleasers tragedy was Thomas Middleton’s ‘The Revenger’s Tragedy’ (1606). We can distinguish Shakespeare’s ‘Hamlet’ even if others claim that it is not a true Revenge Tragedy.... Continue reading "Influence and Themes of English Revenge Tragedy" »

The Life of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was born on January 27, 1756, in Salzburg, Austria. When he was three years old, his musical skills were already observed by his father—composer, violinist, and musical educator Leopold Mozart—who decided to educate him in the music scene.

It is said that at this time, the child prodigy already invented some small melodies with the harpsichord. Due to the high infant mortality in 18th-century Europe, Mozart and his sister Maria Anna (who was called Nannerl) were the only survivors of seven children. Nannerl also possessed musical skills, and little Wolfgang played duets with her.

Early Success and European Tours

At age six, Mozart was already an advanced interpreter of keyboard instruments... Continue reading "Master Composers: The Lives of Mozart and Bach" »

The Rise of Romanticism in Music

A New Era of Expression

From the late 19th to the early 20th century, Europe witnessed a series of socio-political revolutions that laid the groundwork for liberalism and democracy. The bourgeoisie held political and economic power, and industrialization, machinery, and the railway were transforming society. This period also saw the rise of Romanticism in music, characterized by:

Key Characteristics of Romantic Music

• Emphasis on individuality, rebellion against rules, and exaltation of feelings.
• Rich, passionate, and intense melodies with irregular phrasing.
• Complex and fluctuating rhythms, incorporating techniques like tenuto and ritardando.
• Rich and varied harmonies with modulations and key changes.
• Expanded symphony