Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Music

Cultural Context

The Baroque is the name for the cultural period that developed in Europe in the 17th century and the first half of the 18th century. It was characterized by a pessimistic view of life and the importance of feelings.

Socioeconomic and Political Climate

The era was marked by social, economic, religious, and political depression. Social differences, continued wars, new outbreaks of bubonic plague, and slowed demographic growth were prevalent.

Artistic Movements

The artistic movements were dominated by a pessimistic vision of existence. Realism triumphed, with the main objective of presenting reality in a truthful and even crude way. Works of art were full of emotion. Artists made use of drama, contrast, movement, and ornamentation.... Continue reading "Baroque Period: Music, Art, and Society in the 17th-18th Centuries" »

ROMANTICISM

Kant (1790)

The judgment on beauty is always subjective. Beauty does not always follow some rules because it depends on the eyes of the one who looks.

What is Romanticism?

It is a new way of understanding beauty, art, and the artist's role.

• The neoclassical principles of beauty are questioned. A new attitude in relation to art and life.
• The artist expresses his "inner self". The myth of the romantic artist is created.

Key Figures of the Era

• Rousseau: Human decided to live together and make a social contract.
• Diderot: He creates a book with all the knowledge of the world, the name was the Encyclopedia.

Key Concepts of Romanticism

• Freedom
• Originality
• Individualism
• Subjectivity
• Vocation
• Emotion

These values are associated with the revolutionary bourgeoisie... Continue reading "Romanticism and the Rise of the Rhine Valley as a Tourist Destination" »

Irregular Verbs: Base, Past, Past Participle, Spanish

This table lists each verb's base form, past simple, past participle, and the Spanish translation. All original forms and variants are preserved.

Notes:

The Renaissance Period: A Transformation

The modern period, spanning from the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1453 to the French Revolution in 1789, witnessed significant global changes. Continents were no longer isolated, with trading routes and colonies established worldwide. Scientific advancements and economic growth led to major social transformations.

Religious and Social Shifts

Internal divisions within the Church split Europe into Protestants and Catholics, leading to increased religious intolerance and wars. The end of the Middle Ages saw the rise of the bourgeoisie, a new social class that, along with the nobility and the Church, became patrons of the arts and sciences. Composers and performers gained recognition as true artists for... Continue reading "Renaissance Era: Cultural Shifts, Music, and Social Transformation" »

Artistic style that developed in Europe and Latin America during the 17th century and part of the 18th century. Represented the magnificence of the Absolute Monarchs and the Catholic Church as well as the power of the wealthy bourgeoisie.

Grandiosity, dynamism, and drama, equilibrium, symmetry, and rationalism.

Emphasis on motion and complexity. Curved, concave, and convex shapes. Shapes were created through light and color. Realism to heighten emotions and move or surprise the viewer. Theatrical backdrops. Churches were extravagantly decorated and represented the gateway to heaven. The decoration stimulates faith and piety.

Architecture

The desire to incorporate a sense of movement. Churches and palaces. Curved cornices and split/broken pediments.... Continue reading "Baroque Art: Magnificence, Power, and Drama in Europe and Latin America" »

Joseph Maurice Ravel

• He was born in French Pays Basque and died in Paris.
• His mother was Basque.
• He played the piano.
• He attended the Paris Conservatory.
• Ravel was amazed by Asian music that he listened to during the Universal Exposition in 1889.
• Ravel's most well-known piece is the Bolero.

Ludwig van Beethoven

• He was born in Bonn, Germany.
• Beethoven played the piano.
• Ludwig lost three of his siblings and his mother.
• Beethoven suffered from deafness.
• He studied with Haydn and Salieri.
• Beethoven's most well-known piece is the Ninth Symphony.

Frédéric Chopin

• Frederick Chopin was a Polish composer.
• He fled Poland and went to Paris, where he died.
• He was a virtuosic piano player.
• He died at 39.
• Chopin's heart was taken from his corpse and sent back to his home

Music in Ancient Greece

The concept of music in Greece encompassed the art of sounds, poetry, and dance. Music had a monodic texture with heterophonic accompaniment. They used alphabetic notation for the pitches and metrical feet to measure durations.

The Middle Ages (5th to 15th Centuries)

This period was dominated by the power of the Church and a profound theocentrism, leading to the predominance of religious music.

Gregorian Chant

The Gregorian chant was the liturgical chant of the Christian Church. Its text is in Latin and has a monodic texture. It uses modal scales and a free rhythm based on the accentuation and phrasing of the text.

Development of Polyphony

Polyphony appeared in the late 9th century and developed in three main stages:

• Primitive

Melody and Melodic Concepts

Melody: a succession of sounds, normally with different pitches and durations, that expresses a musical idea. They are structured in phrases (phrases are separated by cadences).

Motif, Phrase, Cadence, Theme

• Motif = word
• Phrase = grammatical sentence
• Cadence = pauses
• Theme = main idea

Ambitus (Range)

Ambitus: the range of pitches a melody covers, from the lowest to the highest note.

Melodic Motion

Melodic motion: the line or direction that the notes follow in a melody.

Interval

An interval is the gap between two notes.

• Melodic (horizontal): when the notes sound successively.
• Ascending: from a low note to a high note.
• Descending: from a high note to a low note.
• Harmonic (vertical): when two notes sound simultaneously.

Edge of hole

How Sound is Produced in Music

String Instruments

In string instruments, the sound is produced when one or more strings begin to vibrate. This vibration can be caused by:

• Rubbing the strings (bowed strings)
• Plucking the strings (plucked strings)
• Hitting the strings (hammered strings)

Wind Instruments

In wind instruments, the sound is produced when the air starts to vibrate inside a tube.

Percussion Instruments

In percussion instruments, the sound is produced when a solid object, which is usually struck, begins to vibrate.

The Human Voice: A Natural Wind Instrument

We are essentially a wind instrument. The voice is produced by the vibration of the vocal cords, which is caused by the pressure of the air we exhale. There are three steps in voice production:... Continue reading "How Musical Instruments and the Voice Produce Sound" »

Literary Terms and Concepts

Poetry

TB page 256

• Meter: Systematic arrangement of stressed/unstressed syllables.
• Foot: One stressed and one or more unstressed syllables.

TB page 407

• Exact Rhyme: Two or more words with identical sounds.
• Slant Rhyme: Two or more words with similar sounds.
• Paradox: A statement that seems contradictory but actually presents the truth.

Literary Devices

TB page 270

• Parable: A story that teaches a moral lesson.
• Ambiguity: Uncertain meaning in a story created by using a symbol with different interpretations.

TB page 364

• Figures of Speech: Language used imaginatively, but not literally.
• Synecdoche: The use of a part of something to stand for the whole.

Literary Movements and Schools

Gothic Literature (TB page 291)

Five Elements of Gothic... Continue reading "Literary Terms and Concepts Glossary" »