Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Cancer: Uncontrolled Cell Growth and Modern Approaches

Understanding Cancer Development

Under normal conditions, our body's cells are replaced at a proper rate. Sometimes, however, cells grow out of control and are unable to specialize and perform their corresponding functions. This uncontrolled growth causes a tumor. Some tumors are small and do not cause problems, but others grow quickly and destroy surrounding healthy cells; these are malignant. When malignancy progresses, the cells can spread throughout the body, i.e., metastasize, via blood vessels and the lymphatic system. Uncontrolled cell division can lead to malignant tumors, causing the disease known as cancer.

Preventing Cervical Cancer with HPV Vaccination

A new vaccine can prevent... Continue reading "Understanding Cancer: Causes, Treatments, and Prevention" »

Pronoun Functions

• Personal Pronoun: 3rd person, substitute for him/them. In this case, the pronoun is an indirect object. Example: Sent a gift to their grandparents / He sent it.
• Reflexive Pronoun: Used in reflexive structures (3rd person) where the subject performs the verb action on themselves. Example: They wore makeup.
• Pseudoreflexive Pronoun: Syntactically similar to reflexive, but semantically the subject does not perform the action. Example: John built a house.
• Reciprocal Pronoun: Used when the action is done mutually between the components of the subject. Example: Angela and Ines gave their gifts.
• Passive Reflexive: A mix of active and passive sentences. Example: They sell melons.
• Impersonal Pronoun: Appears in sentences without a grammatical

Defining Health and Well-being

Health is a state of equilibrium, the combination of physical, mental, and social well-being. It is the result of balanced feeding and personal care, mental well-being, and healthy activities. It involves the acceptance of oneself and transmitting a positive attitude to deal with feelings and problems. Well-being is the ability to relate to healthy people.

Disease and health in people are conditioned by various factors:

• Genetic
• Biological
• Environmental
• Personal

Factors Conditioning Health

Genetic Factors

• Genetic Diseases: These diseases develop (many at birth or years later) and are caused by mutations. Some genes are responsible for diseases that affect the structure of the body and metabolism.
• Congenital Malformations:

Digestive System Diseases

Oral Cavity

Tooth Decay

Tooth Decay: Destruction of tooth enamel caused by acids produced by oral bacteria as they break down food debris.

Gingivitis

Gingivitis: Inflammation of the gums, often caused by poor dental hygiene or, less commonly, vitamin deficiency.

Stomach

Gastritis

Gastritis: Irritation of the stomach lining (mucosa) caused by factors such as alcohol, tobacco, certain medications, or hot spices.

Stomach Ulcer

Stomach Ulcer: An open sore or lesion on the stomach lining that can extend into deeper internal tissues.

Gastroenteritis

Gastroenteritis: An infection affecting the stomach and/or intestines, often caused by toxins from contaminated water or food, leading to symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal... Continue reading "Digestive Health: Common Conditions and Prevention Strategies" »

Primary Care Program for Seniors in Mallorca

Since 2000, primary care has been developing the Care Program for Seniors. Here is a quick review of the main points covered.

General Objective

To improve the health and quality of life of people 75 or older who live in Mallorca.

Specific Objectives

• Increase uptake of risk assessment in homes.
• Increase the proportion of older people with healthy lifestyles.
• Reduce the situations that increase the risk of illness, complications, and sequelae.
• Reduce the incidence of accidents and falls.
• Reduce the incidence of vaccine-preventable diseases (tetanus, flu).
• Reduce the number of elderly with mental or social functional disability secondary to chronic conditions.
• Reduce unnecessary hospitalizations and readmissions.

Crouching

bending

Grievance

offend

Aquamarine

pale-blue semiprecious stone

Seizure

grab

Daunt

scare

Besieged

surrounded

Affordable

Accessible

Astrakhan

sheepskin newborn

Dumbfounded

surprised

Subjugate

to humiliate

Banal

not important

Bizarro

Valiente - rare

Gap

opening

Brio

value

Blade

thin grass

Honing

polish

Hot

very hot

Candidly

simplicity

Refrain

annoying repetition

Capital

top of a column

Carrara

loading a truck

Cerulean

blue

Sizzle

make sharp noises

Cover

quilt

Concise

compact

Conviction

security

Zip

close

Curare

Poison

Gift

charity

Swallowing

swallow

Left

traces of a feeling

Deplore

regret

Slip

slight error

Skinning

remove

Teaching

on education

Squander

to waste

Dissent

disagreement

Elegy

a poem sad uy

Empirical

Based on experience

Skirmish

fight small

Scrutinize

review

Stampede

escape violent

Status

regulation

Etymology

origin

Common Kidney and Urinary System Disorders

Glomerulonephritis

Glomerulonephritis is an inflammation that affects the glomeruli. It is typically caused by an immune reaction to a toxin released by streptococcal bacteria, which has infected another part of the body, usually the pharynx (throat). As a result, the urine contains many red blood cells and large amounts of protein.

Pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis is an inflammation of one or both kidneys, affecting the nephrons and the renal pelvis.

Cystitis

Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder wall, usually caused by bacterial infections. The most common symptoms include a burning sensation during urination, urgency, and frequent urination.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Nephrotic Syndrome is characterized... Continue reading "Common Kidney Diseases and Urinary System Conditions" »

Continuation of Item 4:

Incorrect Attitudes Towards Family Illness

The following are incorrect attitudes when dealing with the illness of a family member:

1. Permanently refusing to face reality, which negatively affects the patient's psychological development.
2. Overprotecting the patient.
3. Interrupting all recreational activities, i.e., not allowing distractions.
4. Falling into servitude, that is, doing everything the patient says. This can lead to the patient and family resenting this behavior and engaging in recriminations.
5. Having a passive and inept attitude, that is, not wanting to learn how to care for the sick person.
6. Maintaining feelings of rage and anger for an extended period, which often accompanies the illness.
7. Anticipating the mourning stage,

Cardiovascular Disease: Causes, Treatments, and History

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are largely caused by lifestyle factors, including:

• Poor diet
• Lack of exercise
• Excessive stress
• Tobacco use (snuff)

Understanding Cardiovascular Disorders

CVDs are a group of disorders affecting the heart and blood vessels. These include alterations in:

• The heart muscle itself
• Valves
• Vessels that carry blood to the heart and brain
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)

Heart attacks and strokes are typically caused by a blockage of blood circulation to the heart or brain. This blockage often results from the narrowing of arteries and veins due to the accumulation of fat (known as atheroma or cholesterol plaques) in their walls, hardening them.

The History and Role of Aspirin

The... Continue reading "CVD, Depression, and Eating Disorders: Causes & Care" »

Bowel Elimination Physiology in the Elderly

In the elderly, stools are less frequent and may be harder. Constipation is a common complaint among healthy elderly patients, often without a clear single etiology. Aging produces:

• Slowing of gastrointestinal motility.
• Mucosal and intestinal muscle atrophy.
• Reduced nerve function in the intestine, rectum, and anus.

Subjective Constipation

In the elderly, this is usually related to incorrect assessments or ideas acquired due to cognitive decline.

Manifestations

Unrealistic expectations regarding the quantity and timing of bowel movements, leading to the abuse of laxatives.

Criteria Scores

The elderly person must:

• Recognize their bowel pattern as normal.
• Recognize the negative effects of laxatives.
• Specify activities