Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Guideline

1. Focus on Solving (All / None)

2. Focus on Solving (T/F)

3. Focus on Solving Subject by Subject

Moderate Allergy Tx

(C)

Aphyxia

->(ER Tracheostomy)

Larynx Abd

->(C-A-P)

Allergy

-> Pale mucosa!

Septal Resection Does Not Cause

-> Nasal Polyp

Photoan

-> Weak VC

Contact Ulcer

-> Vocal abuse!

VC Lateral

-> Paralysis

VC Constriction

-> Functional aphonia!

Bullous Myringitis

-> PS Aeruginosa!

Normal Skin

-> Except diphtheria!

Swelling of Inner Orbital

-> ALL

Sinuses

• Posterior Ethmoid -> (Superior meatus)
• Max sinus -> Middle meatus
• Max sinus -> at nose level

Tonsillitis

• Acute (NOT) Nasopharyngeal obstruction
• Chronic (Not) -> bad smell!
• Hypertrophy (compli) -> Otitis media + Hearing loss
• Chronic (except) -> systemic features!

Hyperthermia: Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment

Causes of Hyperthermia

The body's normal temperature is controlled by the Hypothalamus, which maintains thermal homeostasis. Hyperthermia occurs when the thermoregulatory mechanism is overwhelmed by:

1. Increased environmental heat or strenuous exercise.
2. Increased heat production by the body (e.g., metabolic disorders).
3. Decreased heat emission or impaired thermoregulation.

Diagnosis (Dx) of Hyperthermia

I. Clinical Features (CF)

• Sweating (may be absent in severe heatstroke)
• Central Nervous System (CNS) changes (e.g., confusion, delirium)
• Tachycardia
• Pupillary changes

II. Instrumental and Laboratory Tests

• Body Temperature Measurement (Core temperature is essential)
• ECG: May show QRS widening or Osborn waves.
• Blood

Secondary Hypertension

Causes of Secondary Hypertension

• Renal: Stenosis, PCKD, Obstruction
• Endocrine: Cushing's syndrome, Adrenogenital syndrome, Pheochromocytoma, Acromegaly
• Aorta Coarctation
• Other: Thyroid disorders, Hypercalcemia

Red Flags in Secondary Hypertension

• Hypokalemia
• Early age of onset
• Patient over 50 years old
• High severity
• Refractory to therapy
• Increased paroxysmal blood pressure
• Absence of obesity

Pheochromocytoma

Diagnosis

• Plasma metanephrine level
• Urine free catecholamine
• Ultrasound/CT
• MIBG In-111

Cushing's Syndrome

Diagnosis

• 24-hour urine cortisol
• 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (screening)
• 8 mg dexamethasone suppression test
• Cortisol circadian rhythm
• Laboratory tests: Increased hematocrit/hemoglobin, decreased eosinophils
• Sinus/petrous imaging

Multiple

*** Constituent Parts of Rehabilitation System: Principle Goals....

- Can be: physical/psychological/social/educational

• Legal part
• Medical rehabilitation
• Vocational rehabilitation
• Education
• Compensatory technical, orthopedic means
• Environmental adaptation
• Culture, sports, recreation, religion

^^ Stages of Rehab:

• I----. Hospital Setting, Hospital Staff
• II----> In Sanatorium/Outpatient
• III----> Home Setting, Practitioner or Family Member

^^ Principles, Goals & Task of Rehab:

• Treatment of Pathology
• Decrease Impairment
• Prevent and Treat Complications
• Increase Activity
• Physiological

Essential Medical and Surgical Terminology

1. Anaesthetic

   A substance that induces insensitivity to pain.

2. Cosmetic

   Involving or relating to treatment intended to restore or improve a person's appearance.

3. Cure

   A substance or treatment that cures a disease or condition.

4. Enlarge

   Make or become bigger or more extensive.

5. Ethical

   Relating to moral principles or the branch of knowledge dealing with these.

6. Incision

   A surgical cut made in skin or flesh.

7. Infection

   The process of infecting or the state of being infected.

8. Inject

   Drive or force (a liquid, especially a drug or vaccine) into a person or animal's body with a syringe or similar device.

9. Intervention

   Action taken to improve a situation, especially a medical disorder.

10. Needle

    A very fine slender piece of metal with a

1. Medical.

Relating to the science of medicine, or to the treatment of illness and injuries.

2. Operate.

Perform a surgical operation.

3. Removal.

The action of taking away or abolishing something unwanted.

4. Repair.

The action of fixing or mending something.

5. Replacement.

The action or process of replacing someone or something.

6. Suffering.

The state of undergoing pain, distress, or hardship.

7. Tissue.

Any of the distinct types of material of which animals or plants are made, consisting of specialized cells and their products.

8. Transplant.

An operation in which an organ or tissue is transplanted.

9. Jaw.

Each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth.

10. Lungs.

Each of the pair... Continue reading "Medical Terminology and Definitions" »

Vocabulary

Pounding: To strike or hit heavily and repeatedly.

Gubby: Dirty.

Scrambled: More quickly.

Stashed: To store safely and secretly in a specified place.

Upset: The state of being unhappy, disappointed, or worried.

Nightmare: An unpleasant dream.

Countered: To speak or act in opposition to.

Grim (adj.): Something forbidding or uninviting. Depressing or worrying. Merciless (review).

Astonished: Surprised, impressed.

Relieved: To cause pain or distress to become less severe or serious (n. relief).

Attempts: To make an effort to achieve or complete.

Sully: To damage the purity or integrity of…

Jurors: Members of a jury.

Witnesses: People who see an event, typically a crime or accident.

Whereabouts: The place where someone or something is.

Retrieve: To... Continue reading "English Vocabulary: Definitions and Explanations" »

Primary Immunodeficiencies

Primary immunodeficiencies are a group of disorders that affect the immune system, making it difficult for the body to fight off infections. These disorders can be inherited or acquired, and they can range in severity from mild to life-threatening.

Types of Primary Immunodeficiencies

There are many different types of primary immunodeficiencies, each with its own unique set of symptoms and causes. Some of the most common types include:

• B cell deficiencies affect the production of B cells, which are white blood cells that produce antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that help the body fight off infections.
• T cell deficiencies affect the production of T cells, which are white blood cells that help the body fight off infections.

Malnutrition

Malnutrition: results from a poor diet or a lack of food. It happens when the intake of nutrients or energy is too high, too low, or poorly balanced. Malnutrition involves a dietary deficiency. People may eat too much of the wrong type of food and have malnutrition. Undernutrition can lead to delayed growth or wasting, while a diet that provides too much food, but not necessarily balanced, leads to obesity. In many parts of the world, undernutrition results from a lack of food. In some cases, however, undernourishment may stem from a health condition, such as an eating disorder or a chronic illness that prevents the person from absorbing nutrients.

Symptoms