Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Medicine & Health

Understanding Macronutrients and DRIs

Macronutrients

Macronutrients, which include protein, carbohydrates, and fat, are required by the body in relatively large amounts (hence "macro"). All three provide energy. Fiber is a type of carbohydrate.

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)

The Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDRs) are part of the DRIs. They recommend a balance of macronutrients, expressed as a percentage of total dietary energy, that is associated with:

• Maintenance of a healthy weight
• The lowest risk for chronic disease
• The lowest risk for nutrient deficiencies

Consuming macronutrients below or above these ranges increases the risk of chronic disease. Notably, the age group with the highest AMDR for fat is children aged 1-3 years.... Continue reading "Macronutrient Breakdown: Carbohydrates, Sugars, and Fats" »

Modal Verbs Exercises

Exercise 1: Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs.

1. It's forbidden to drive without fastening your seatbelt. You mustn't drive without fastening your seatbelt.
2. Perhaps they told John about the party. They might have told John about the party.
3. It isn't necessary for us to book a table. We needn't book a table.
4. It isn't necessary for her to phone me back. She needn't phone me back.
5. It was a mistake to sell the house. I wish I hadn't. I shouldn't have sold the house.
6. I'm sure he didn't lock the door. He couldn't have locked the door.
7. Perhaps John knew about the trip. He could have known about the trip.
8. You cannot smoke in the underground. You mustn't smoke in the underground.
9. I'm sure Ann didn't send that letter. Ann couldn't have

Foundational Concepts in Healthcare

Goals of Healthcare

• Prevent morbidity
• Prevent disability
• Prevent mortality

WHO Definition of Health

The World Health Organization (WHO) defines health as: "complete physical, mental, and social well-being.”

Top Causes of Death

• Heart disease
• Cancer
• Chronic lower respiratory diseases
• Accidents
• Stroke

Quality of Life Metrics

Where q represents quality and g represents time discount.

Medical Triaging Levels

Triaging categorizes patients based on immediate need and resource requirements:

1. Immediate Risk of Death: Highest priority.
2. Serious Immediate Medical Need: High priority.
3. Levels 3, 4, 5: Priority is dependent on the number of resources needed (more resources required generally means a lower numerical level).

Types of Healthcare

Passive Voice

• Active: The secretary types the letter.
• Passive: The letters are typed by the secretary.

• Future Simple: Will type / Will be typed
• Past Simple: Typed / Were typed
• Modal: Can type / Can be typed
• Present Continuous: Am/is/are being + past participle
• Present Perfect Simple: Have / has been + past participle

Impersonal Voice

1. It is thought/said/believed + that...
2. Subject + is considered/thought/said + to be...

The Causative (get/have + object + verb 3rd form)

Often associated with professions. Changes depending on the verbal tenses.

Ex: The painters painted my house / I had my house painted by the painters.

Wish Clauses

1. Wish + subject + past simple (about the future): Not reality, but you want it to happen. Ej: I wish I were a rich man.
2. Wish + could

Cultural Considerations in Drug Therapy

• Ethnopharmacology studies how genetic and cultural factors influence drug metabolism and responses.
• Cultural beliefs can affect medication adherence and acceptance of alternative therapies.
• Language barriers may hinder effective communication about medications; strategies include using interpreters and clear labeling.

Age-Specific Medication Considerations

• Pediatric patients may require dosing adjustments due to immature organ function and higher risk of toxicity.
• Geriatric patients often experience polypharmacy, necessitating careful monitoring for drug interactions and side effects.
• Pregnancy and breastfeeding considerations include avoiding teratogenic drugs and understanding drug transfer into breast milk.

Simple Past Tense: Structure and Uses

Affirmative Form

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They + Past Simple Verb

Negative Form

• I / You / He / She / It / We / They + did not (didn't) + infinitive (without 'to')

Interrogative Form

• Did + I / You / He / She / It / We / They + infinitive (without 'to')?

Verb Rules for Simple Past

• Regular verbs: Add -ed to the base form.
• Irregular verbs: Use the second column of irregular verb lists (past simple form).

Uses of the Simple Past

• Actions completed in the past at a specific time.
• A series of actions that happened in the past (sequential events).
• Past states or habits.

Past Continuous Tense: Structure and Uses

Affirmative Form

• I / He / She / It + was + verb-ing
• We / You / They + were + verb-ing

Negative Form

• I / He / She /

Essential English Vocabulary

Sports Venues & Equipment

• Badminton Court = Pista de bàdminton
• Boxing Ring = Ring de boxa
• Diving Board = Trampolí de piscina
• Golf Course = Camp de golf
• Ice Rink = Pista de gel
• Martial Arts Gym = Gimnàs d'arts marcials
• Race Course = Hipòdrom / Pista de curses
• Rugby Pitch = Camp de rugbi
• Ski Slope = Pista d'esquí

Sports Equipment

• Ball
• Boots
• Clubs
• Gloves
• Goggles
• Horses (for equestrian sports)
• Racket
• Skates
• Snow (for skiing/snowboarding)
• Water (for water sports)

Crime & Justice Vocabulary

• Prison Sentence = Sentència de presó
• Millionaire = Milionari
• Murders = Assassinats
• Hostage = Ostatge
• Thief = Lladre
• Commit (a crime) = Cometre (un crim)
• Crime = Crim
• Arrest = Arrestar
• Forge = Falsificar
• Hijack = Segrestar (vehicle)
• Kidnap = Segrestar

Porcelain Laminate Veneers: Indications and Contraindications

Indications:

1. Used on slightly/mildly enlarged teeth
2. Traditionally indicated in aesthetic areas where a single crown composite resin veneer would be used
3. To correct diastemas
4. Masking of discolored/stained teeth
5. Repairing enamel defects

Contraindications:

1. Cannot be waxed on short clinical crowns
2. Not suitable for patients with parafunctional habits (e.g., bruxism)
3. Teeth with insufficient enamel for adequate retention
4. Teeth with large restorations or endodontically treated teeth with little remaining structure
5. Patients with tooth wear due to bruxism

Tooth Remineralization: Techniques, Materials, and Concepts

Techniques:

Hand excavation is preferred to preserve as much tissue as possible for remineralization.... Continue reading "Porcelain Veneers, Tooth Remineralization, and Biocompatibility" »

Yellow Fever Vaccination: Requirements and Procedure

Vaccination Fees

The total cost for the Yellow Fever vaccination service is $120, broken down as follows:

• Travel Consultation Fee: $50
• Yellow Fever (YF) Assessment Fee: $50
• Injection Fee: $20

Country Requirements for Yellow Fever Vaccine

The following countries often require proof of Yellow Fever vaccination for entry:

Pharmacy Workflow Steps

1. Patient checks in.
2. Fees are explained (Total: $120).
3. Consent is obtained.
4. Check Travax: Ensure the administration date is at least 10 days before the