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Financial Instrument Valuation and Market Analysis

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Bond and Stock Valuation Fundamentals

Taxable Equivalent Yield for Bonds

Question: If you can purchase a municipal bond which returns 5.6% and you are in the 25% tax bracket, what rate of return would you require on a corporate bond?

Key Concepts:

  • Municipal bonds are generally tax-exempt at the federal level and often at the state and local levels if issued within your state of residence.
  • Corporate bonds are typically subject to federal, state, and local income taxes.

Formula:

Taxable Equivalent Yield (TEY) = Municipal Rate / (1 - Tax Rate)

Calculation:

TEY = 5.6% / (1 - 25%)

TEY = 5.6% / 0.75

Result: 7.47%

Gamemasters Stock Valuation (Gordon Growth Model)

Question: Analysts have forecasted Gamemasters will grow at a rate of 8% into the future. Gamemasters

... Continue reading "Financial Instrument Valuation and Market Analysis" »

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Introduction to Statistics

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Statistics: The Science of Organizing Data

Statistics is the science of organizing data to draw conclusions or answer questions.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries and graphs.

Variables

Variables are characteristics of individuals within the population.

Discrete and Continuous Variables

Discrete variables are counted, while continuous variables are measured.

Nominal and Ordinal Variables

Nominal variables are named, while ordinal variables are ranked or ordered.

Interval and Ratio Variables

Interval variables have no meaningful zero and equal intervals between values, while ratio variables have a meaningful zero.

Types of Variables in a Study

The response variable is what is being studied, the explanatory... Continue reading "Introduction to Statistics" »

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Financial and Space Vocabulary: Key Terms & Phrases

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Financial Terms

  • Save up: Ahorrar
  • Borrow: Pedir prestado
  • Credit card: Tarjeta de crédito
  • Instalments: Plazos
  • On direct debit: Cargo en cuenta
  • Inherit: Heredar
  • Heir: Heredero
  • Treat yourself: Darte un capricho
  • Invest wisely: Invertir sabiamente
  • Donate to charity: Donar
  • Hand sth over to someone: Entregar algo a alguien
  • A £50 note: Billete de 50 libras
  • Being successful and having lots of money: Prosperity
  • When you spend more money than you have in your bank account: Overdraft
  • When a business's costs and their profits are the same: Break even
  • Legally declared as unable to pay one's debts: Bankrupt
  • Wealthy: Affluent
  • Items of value owned by a person or business: Assets
  • To waste money: Squander
  • Total amount spent: Expenditure
  • Not worth what you paid: Rip-off
  • Profitable:
... Continue reading "Financial and Space Vocabulary: Key Terms & Phrases" »
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Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words with Definitions

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Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words

A

1. Agonized

Manifesting, suffering, or characterized by great physical or mental pain.

2. Ample

Large and accommodating.

3. Assent

The expression of approval or agreement.

B

4. Befall

(Of something bad) happen to someone.

C

5. Chariots

A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.

6. Conceive

Become pregnant with (a child). Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind.

7. Cordial

Friendly, warm.

D

8. Dews

Moisture condensed from the atmosphere, especially at night, and deposited in the form of small drops upon any cool surface.

9. Divine

Of, from, or like God or a god.

10. Doe

Female deer.

F

11. Foe

An enemy or opponent.

G

12. Gossamer

Used to refer to something very light, thin, and insubstantial or delicate.... Continue reading "Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words with Definitions" »

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Production Cost Calculation: A Step-by-Step Analysis

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This document outlines the steps to calculate production costs, including equivalent units and costs for work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods.

Step 1 - Determine the units of product to account for (how much inventory do we need to track?)
Units in beginning WIP30,000
+ Units started this period155,000
= Total units to account for185,000
Step 2 - Determine the number of units of product accounted for (where is the inventory at the end of the month?)
Step 2 MUST equal Step 1
Units in beginning WIP30,000
+ Units started and completed during the period119,000149,000 finished - 30,000 started last month = 119,000 started and finished this month
+ Units in ending WIP36,00030,000 Beg WIP + 155,000 started - 149,000 finished = 36,000 not finished
= Total
... Continue reading "Production Cost Calculation: A Step-by-Step Analysis" »
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Key Tax Concepts and Calculations Explained

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  1. What does boot mean?
  2. How to determine the basis of taxable and non-taxable stock dividends?
  3. How to determine if a gain is long-term or short-term?
  4. How does capital gain/loss netting work?
  5. What is the tax rate of regular long-term capital gain? [0%, 15%, 20%]
  6. Individual taxpayers can deduct net capital loss (short-term or long-term) up to $3,000 per year.
  7. The maximum tax rate for collectibles is 28%; the maximum tax rate for unrecaptured Section 1250 gain is 25%.
  8. How to determine amount realized? How to determine amount realized when there is debt assumption?
  9. What is unrecaptured Section 1250 gain? How to calculate it?
  10. What is the basis of gifts? How to determine the holding period of a gift?
  11. How to determine the adjusted basis?
  12. How to determine realized
... Continue reading "Key Tax Concepts and Calculations Explained" »
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Monthly Financial Data and Break-Even Analysis

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Monthly Financial Data

9001000125014001500750
JulyAugustSeptemberOctoberNovemberDecember
Sales per Unit (£50)450005000062500700007500037500
Purchases per Unit (£24)216002400030000336003600018000

Receipts

Opening Balance10000(1650)210056501250021250
Cost of Sales (40%)180002000025000280003000015000
Credit Sales (60%)2700030000375004200045000
Total Receipts280004535057100711508450081250

Payments

Purchases Cash (50%)10800120001500016800180009000
Purchases Credit (50%)1080012000150001680018000
Direct Labour per Unit (£13)11700130001625018200195009750
Variable Overheads per Unit (£3)270030003750420045002250
Selling and Distribution Costs800800800800800800
Supervisor Salary180018001800180018001800
Fixed Production Costs185018501850185018501850
Total Payments296504325051450586506325043450
Closing
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Financial Calculations

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1. Present Value of an Investment

15 Years Case

Present Value of the Investment = $4,900 [ (1/0.08) − (1/0.08(1 + 0.08)^15)] = $41,941.45

2. Effective Annual Rate (EAR)

EAR = (1 + (APR/m))^m − 1 If m becomes infinite, EAR = e^APR − 1

7% APR and quarterly compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.07/4))^4 − 1 = 7.19%

16% APR and monthly compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.16/12))^12 − 1 = 17.23%

11% APR and daily compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.11/365))^365 − 1 = 11.63%

3. Value of a Perpetual Stream of Payments

Present Value of the Perpetuity = (Payment/Interest Rate) Payment = $2,500, Interest Rate = 0.061

PV of the perpetuity at date t=14 is $2,500/0.061 = $40,983.61. Discounting it back to date t=7, we should have PV7 = $40,983.61/(1+0.061)^7 = $27,077.12.

4. Bond

... Continue reading "Financial Calculations" »
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Market Research: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Consumer Behavior

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Operationalizing Concepts

Operationalizing involves transforming abstract concepts into measurable and tangible factors. This is achieved by examining the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties associated with the concept. For instance:

  • Achievement Motivation: Measured by observing behaviors like the inability to relax or constantly thinking about work, even at home.

Structured Observation

Structured observation is the systematic recording of predetermined behavioral patterns of individuals, objects, and events. Examples include:

  • Personal Observation: Mystery shopping, pantry audits
    • Advantages: Clarifies questionnaire doubts, captures non-verbal cues.
    • Disadvantages: High cost, time-consuming, geographical limitations, potential for response
... Continue reading "Market Research: A Comprehensive Guide to Understanding Consumer Behavior" »
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q

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Information Design Basics. Consists in presenting information in an efficient way that benefits from the use of proper information Design techniques. In computing information can take many forms (2d,3d) , so interface design can be crucial to the success of any kind of system. Rueda: Complex: Abstract, functional, exclusive, multidimensional, novel y Single. Understandable: Figurative: represent object from it reference, Cosmetic: functionally with beauty, Light: quality is more than quantity ,one dimensiona: information that is shown, familiar: common items and redundant: some information displayed.
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