Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Mathematics

Statistics: The Science of Organizing Data

Statistics is the science of organizing data to draw conclusions or answer questions.

Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics describe data through numerical summaries and graphs.

Variables

Variables are characteristics of individuals within the population.

Discrete and Continuous Variables

Discrete variables are counted, while continuous variables are measured.

Nominal and Ordinal Variables

Nominal variables are named, while ordinal variables are ranked or ordered.

Interval and Ratio Variables

Interval variables have no meaningful zero and equal intervals between values, while ratio variables have a meaningful zero.

Types of Variables in a Study

The response variable is what is being studied, the explanatory... Continue reading "Introduction to Statistics" »

Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words

A

1. Agonized

Manifesting, suffering, or characterized by great physical or mental pain.

2. Ample

Large and accommodating.

3. Assent

The expression of approval or agreement.

B

4. Befall

(Of something bad) happen to someone.

C

5. Chariots

A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle used in ancient warfare and racing.

6. Conceive

Become pregnant with (a child). Form or devise (a plan or idea) in the mind.

7. Cordial

Friendly, warm.

D

8. Dews

Moisture condensed from the atmosphere, especially at night, and deposited in the form of small drops upon any cool surface.

9. Divine

Of, from, or like God or a god.

10. Doe

Female deer.

F

11. Foe

An enemy or opponent.

G

12. Gossamer

Used to refer to something very light, thin, and insubstantial or delicate.... Continue reading "Vocabulary Builder: 35 Essential Words with Definitions" »

1. Give a direct proof of the following: “If x is an odd integer and y is an even integer, then x + y is odd”.

Suppose x = 2k + 1, y = 2l. Therefore x + y = 2k + 1 + 2l = 2(k + l) + 1, which is odd.

2. Consider the following theorem: If n is an even integer, then n + 1 is odd. Give a proof by contraposition of this theorem.

Suppose n + 1 is even. Therefore n + 1 = 2k. Therefore n = 2k − 1 = 2(k − 1) + 1, which is odd

3. Consider the following theorem: If n is an even integer, then n + 1 is odd. Give a proof by contradiction of this theorem.

Suppose n = 2k but n + 1 = 2l. Therefore 2k + 1 = 2l (even = odd), which is a contradiction

4. Prove the following theorem: n is even if and only if n2 is even.

If n is even, then n2 = (2k)2 = 2(2k2), which

Personal profile and key skills

A Person who uses all his knowledge to obtain the best results in the company and Able to generate an environment of trust with my colleagues to work effectively

Employement history

Apple, Coca Cola  Samsung and  Lamborghini  S.A.De Cv

Responsibilities

Advising  Each of our clients to helping  them with the purchases they need and apply Sales techniques to generate income.

Archivievements

Increase in Sales in less than a month, new real customers and the expansion of a new Market

Education

§UTVT, Mtr. In International Business

§Dr.  In Political Marketing

Hobbies and interest

§reading business Books

§playing soccer and Chess

§learning the Chinese language

§teaching sales Techniques

This document outlines the steps to calculate production costs, including equivalent units and costs for work-in-progress (WIP) and finished goods.

1. What does boot mean?
2. How to determine the basis of taxable and non-taxable stock dividends?
3. How to determine if a gain is long-term or short-term?
4. How does capital gain/loss netting work?
5. What is the tax rate of regular long-term capital gain? [0%, 15%, 20%]
6. Individual taxpayers can deduct net capital loss (short-term or long-term) up to $3,000 per year.
7. The maximum tax rate for collectibles is 28%; the maximum tax rate for unrecaptured Section 1250 gain is 25%.
8. How to determine amount realized? How to determine amount realized when there is debt assumption?
9. What is unrecaptured Section 1250 gain? How to calculate it?
10. What is the basis of gifts? How to determine the holding period of a gift?
11. How to determine the adjusted basis?
12. How to determine realized

Monthly Financial Data

1. Present Value of an Investment

15 Years Case

Present Value of the Investment = $4,900 [ (1/0.08) − (1/0.08(1 + 0.08)^15)] = $41,941.45

2. Effective Annual Rate (EAR)

EAR = (1 + (APR/m))^m − 1 If m becomes infinite, EAR = e^APR − 1

7% APR and quarterly compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.07/4))^4 − 1 = 7.19%

16% APR and monthly compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.16/12))^12 − 1 = 17.23%

11% APR and daily compounding: EAR = (1 + (0.11/365))^365 − 1 = 11.63%

3. Value of a Perpetual Stream of Payments

Present Value of the Perpetuity = (Payment/Interest Rate) Payment = $2,500, Interest Rate = 0.061

PV of the perpetuity at date t=14 is $2,500/0.061 = $40,983.61. Discounting it back to date t=7, we should have PV7 = $40,983.61/(1+0.061)^7 = $27,077.12.

4. Bond

Operationalizing Concepts

Operationalizing involves transforming abstract concepts into measurable and tangible factors. This is achieved by examining the behavioral dimensions, facets, or properties associated with the concept. For instance:

• Achievement Motivation: Measured by observing behaviors like the inability to relax or constantly thinking about work, even at home.

Structured Observation

Structured observation is the systematic recording of predetermined behavioral patterns of individuals, objects, and events. Examples include:

• Personal Observation: Mystery shopping, pantry audits
  • Advantages: Clarifies questionnaire doubts, captures non-verbal cues.
  • Disadvantages: High cost, time-consuming, geographical limitations, potential for response