Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Understanding Constitutional Allegations

Constitutional allegations spanning two decades have been marked by intense confrontations, impacting all sectors and leading to unexpected political outcomes.

The Constitutional Accusation (AC) Mechanism

The Constitutional Accusation (AC) serves as a control mechanism for official acts of irresponsibility or irregularities in public functions. While the AC is a vital tool, it is not always the most appropriate procedure, as constitutional responsibility may also fall under criminal or administrative law.

Bases for Impeachment Offenses

• Impeachment offenses are explicitly detailed in Article 52 of the Constitution.

Performance and Inter-Branch Relations

• Parliamentarism necessitates immediate cooperation between

Banking Services

Characteristics

Banking services are activities undertaken by a bank at the request of its customers, satisfying a need. Their price is called a commission.

Differences from Goods

• Intangibility: Services cannot be perceived by the senses. You do not know if a service is expensive or not until it is used.
• Inability to Protect with Patents: Services cannot be patented; only the name is patented (e.g., Visa).
• Perishability: If a service is not used, it is lost.
• Impossibility of Appropriation: Purchase only grants the right to use the service, not ownership.

Debits

Debits are authorizations given to the bank to make collections and payments from a bank account.

• Collections: Payroll, pensions, broadcast collections.
• Payments: Utilities (electricity,

Limited Liability Company (S.L.)

A capitalist company structure, ideal for businesses with a limited number of partners and moderate capital requirements.

General Characteristics of an S.L.

• The number of partners can be one or more. Single-member companies are known as sole proprietorships.
• The partners' liability is limited to their capital contribution; they are only responsible for the capital invested.
• The share capital is divided into shares. It must not be less than €3,000. At the time of incorporation, the capital must be fully subscribed and paid; no unpaid liabilities (unpaid portions) are permitted. Capital can be contributed in cash, property, or rights.
• The corporate name must be followed by "S.L." or "S.R.L." (Sociedad de Responsabilidad

System Security: Prevention and Relief

The security system is an integrated package for the prevention and relief of personal risks through individualized and measurable economic benefits.

General System Eligibility

• Persons aged 16 years and foreigners residing in Spain.
• Employed workers, salesmen, bullfighters, artists, professional athletes, prisoners, clergy.
• Individuals working in roles that necessitate inclusion in special work schemes.
• Individuals with marginal employment that does not constitute a primary way of life.

Special Arrangements

• Agrarian workers.
• Self-employed workers (autónomos).
• Special Scheme for domestic employees.
• Special Scheme for coal mining.

General Social Security Scheme

A) Company Registration

Any employer recruiting workers... Continue reading "Spanish Social Security System: Registration and Benefits" »

Basic Rules
The basic rules to follow in terms of Social Security (SS) are as follows:

1. General Law SS: RD 1 / 1994 of June 20th.
2. Law of PGE: Drafted annually.
3. Rules of Contributions to the SS: Drafted annually.
4. Fiscal, Administrative, and Social Order: Annual production.
5. General Regulations for Charging the SS System.
6. RD 1637/1995: 6 October.
7. General Rules of Trading, Settlement, and Other Rights of the SS: RD 2064/1995.
8. General Regulations on Disposal of Businesses, Affiliation, High, Low, and Variation Data of Workers in the SS.
9. RD 84/1996: 26 January (Family Conciliation Act: Act No. 39/1999. Act for Effective Equality Between Men and Women: Law 3 / 2007).
10. Measures to Improve Family Protection: DR. 1 / 2000 of 14 January.
11. Rules of the CCAA.
12. Conventions

Specific Content of Marriage Records (Art. 89)

The marriage record, or minutes, must contain the following specific information:

1. The full name, identification (ID), age, profession, place of birth, and address of each of the parties.
2. The full names, professions, and domiciles of the father and the mother of each of the parties.
3. The declaration made by the husband and wife, confirming their intent to marry.
4. The statement made by the contracting parties regarding the recognition of children, if applicable.
5. The full name, identification (ID), age, profession, and address of each of the witnesses.

Provisions for Deaf or Mute Parties in Marriages

In cases involving deaf or mute individuals, their expression of consent must be in writing if they are able... Continue reading "Marriage Record Requirements and Procedures" »

Substantive Clauses

Substantive clauses function as nouns or noun phrases within a sentence. Nexus: that, if, interrogative pronoun.

Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)

Adjective clauses modify nouns, just like adjectives. The noun being modified is called the antecedent. Adjective clauses are also known as relative clauses because they are introduced by relative pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

Links:

• Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that
• Relative adjectives: whose
• Relative adverbs: where, when, how, why

Types of Adjective Clauses:

Restrictive (Defining) Clauses

Restrictive clauses limit or define the meaning of the noun they modify. They are essential to the sentence's meaning.

Example: Students living far away arrived late. (This limits... Continue reading "Understanding Subordinate Clauses: Adjective and Adverbial Types" »

Civil Servants (Funcionarios)

Individuals employed in public administration roles, operating under a statutory appointment. This typically involves permanent service and a fixed salary. They may serve the administration on a temporary or statutory basis.

Selection Systems

• Opposition (Oposición): Candidates undergo one or more tests to demonstrate their capacity for the vacant position.
• Contest (Concurso): Candidates are selected based on the assessment of their merits (e.g., experience, qualifications) without competitive examinations.
• Contest-Opposition (Concurso-Oposición): A combined procedure involving both the assessment of merits and the successful completion of specific tests.

Career Progression

Professional Classification

Jobs are classified... Continue reading "Spanish Public Administration: Roles and Processes" »

First Aid Procedures

PAS: Protect, Alert, Assist

Protect: Prevent further accidents. This includes:

• Visibly signal the accident site.
• Cut off electric power if machinery is involved.
• Divert traffic away from vehicles.

Alert: Notify emergency services. To express with clarity and precision, state where you are calling from and indicate the exact location.

Assist:

• Check if the injured person is breathing or bleeding.
• Speak to them to see if they are conscious.
• Check for a pulse.

Prioritizing Injured Persons

Order of priority for assisting injured persons:

1. Unconscious, without breath or pulse.
2. Severe wounds or heavy bleeding.
3. State of shock.
4. With open wounds.
5. Serious injuries.
6. Fractures, eye burns.
7. Remaining casualties.

Triage

Classification of injuries to separate... Continue reading "Essential Safety, Business & First Aid Information" »

The Evolution of Constitutionalism: Foundations and Debates

The concept of a constitution as a fundamental norm raises a crucial question: can and should the validity of the State's rules be judged based on a foundational rule that precedes the very authority of the State? This perspective suggests that the State itself exists only as a result of a meeting of minds, an elected leadership that the government should pursue jointly.

Historical Phases of Modern Constitutionalism

For some scholars, the opening phase, marked by the constitutions of the post-World War II era, represents the second major phase in the history of modern constitutionalism – the history of rights and freedoms. This follows the first phase, characterized by revolutions.... Continue reading "Constitutionalism's Evolution: Rights, State Power, and the Bill of Rights" »