Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Substantive Clauses

Substantive clauses function as nouns or noun phrases within a sentence. Nexus: that, if, interrogative pronoun.

Adjective Clauses (Relative Clauses)

Adjective clauses modify nouns, just like adjectives. The noun being modified is called the antecedent. Adjective clauses are also known as relative clauses because they are introduced by relative pronouns, adjectives, or adverbs.

Links:

• Relative pronouns: who, whom, whose, which, that
• Relative adjectives: whose
• Relative adverbs: where, when, how, why

Types of Adjective Clauses:

Restrictive (Defining) Clauses

Restrictive clauses limit or define the meaning of the noun they modify. They are essential to the sentence's meaning.

Example: Students living far away arrived late. (This limits... Continue reading "Understanding Subordinate Clauses: Adjective and Adverbial Types" »

Civil Servants (Funcionarios)

Individuals employed in public administration roles, operating under a statutory appointment. This typically involves permanent service and a fixed salary. They may serve the administration on a temporary or statutory basis.

Selection Systems

• Opposition (Oposición): Candidates undergo one or more tests to demonstrate their capacity for the vacant position.
• Contest (Concurso): Candidates are selected based on the assessment of their merits (e.g., experience, qualifications) without competitive examinations.
• Contest-Opposition (Concurso-Oposición): A combined procedure involving both the assessment of merits and the successful completion of specific tests.

Career Progression

Professional Classification

Jobs are classified... Continue reading "Spanish Public Administration: Roles and Processes" »

Commentary on Article 6 of the Organic Law of the State (1967)

This document, a primary legal and political source, represents one of the fundamental laws of the Franco dictatorship in Spain. Authored by the Spanish government, it exemplifies the legal framework of the regime. The Franco regime, a conservative military dictatorship, ended with Franco's death. Despite its illiberal and undemocratic nature, the dictatorship aimed to establish a set of basic laws. These included the Labour Law (drafted during the Civil War), the National Development Law, and other legislation outlining Franco's principles. However, the legal apparatus remained incomplete, requiring court appearances to clarify legal interpretations.

Purpose and Context of the Organic

Starting a Business in Chile: A Step-by-Step Guide

1. Time to Set Up a Company in Chile

The process may take more than 6 months, approximately 130 days.

2. Costs Associated with Starting a Business

Costs vary depending on the type of company, with a fixed value of approximately $550. Examples:

• Industrial Company: $1,350
• Food Company: $1,270

3. Limited Liability Company Procedures

An individual limited liability company is a legal entity with limited liability. The owner's personal assets are only liable to the extent of their capital contribution. The company is liable with all its possessions.

A company is an association of individuals or legal entities engaged in commercial activity, pursuing a profit or gain shared among partners based on their contribution.... Continue reading "Starting a Business in Chile: Key Steps and Considerations" »

International Treaties and Constitutional Challenges

If there are any doubts about the constitutionality in the conduct of the treaty, give full consideration to the court.

• The timing is important; the time when the consultation occurs is crucial because it's the right time to address the court.

No, not initially.

No, not one final time.

The Constitutional Tribunal (TC) is advised to act once the text is set but still without consent. A final text, but not the last, because it is not ratified. The site is requested to attend legitimate constitutional bodies.

The court shall not sentence or issue a statement. Why no sentencing? Because this is not a legal rule, since the state still has not given consent. We have a project or text that has been set... Continue reading "International Treaties and Constitutional Challenges: A Legal Analysis" »

**Adolfo Suárez's Government: A New Era for Spain**

Political Reform (1976-1977)

Adolfo Suárez faced two major challenges upon assuming leadership. The first was political reform. The pivotal *Law for Political Reform*, amending Franco's legislation, established a bicameral Parliament with members elected by universal suffrage. Passed in 1976, this law paved the way for democratic elections. With the support of the opposition, Suárez succeeded in legalizing all political parties and trade unions. The June 1977 elections resulted in a majority for the Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD), Suárez's party.

Measures Against the Crisis

The UCD government proposed a policy of consensus, culminating in the signing of the *Moncloa Pacts* in 1977. These... Continue reading "Adolfo Suárez's Government & Spain's Transition to Democracy" »

Criminal Offenses Against Worker Rights

Illegal Migration Promotion (Art. 313)

Promoting or encouraging illegal migration within the European Union or facilitating the illegal entry of sufficient workers into Spain constitutes a crime.

Consummation: This offense does not require merely the result of the activity; the act of promotion or encouragement is sufficient.

Employment Discrimination (Art. 314)

This offense punishes discrimination in employment, referencing Article 14 of the Spanish Constitution. Examples include discrimination based on sex or ethnicity.

• Active Subject: The employer and those making decisions for the company.
• Passive Subject (Taxpayer): Workers who are discriminated against.
• Conduct: Causing serious discrimination in employment

Credit Instruments

The instruments most commonly used in exchanges between companies are the bill of exchange, checks, and promissory notes.

Bill of Exchange

A bill of exchange is a commercial document whereby a person, the drawer, orders another, the drawee, to pay a certain amount of money on a particular date. The payment of the bill of exchange can be made to the drawer or a third party called the beneficiary, payee, or holder, to whom the drawer has sent or endorsed the bill of exchange.

• The drawer: Is the person who is a creditor of the debt and who issues the bill of exchange.
• The drawee: Is the debtor who must pay the bill of exchange. The drawee may accept or reject the payment order given by the drawer, and if they accept it, they are

The American Revolution: Birth of a Nation

The American Revolution was a conflict between thirteen British colonies in North America and Great Britain between 1775 and 1783. From this process, a new nation emerged. The new state that emerged from the revolution settled on a set of values and institutions inspired by liberal thought. According to them, at birth, anyone has a series of guaranteed natural, individual, and transferable rights: life, liberty, equality, property, the right to overthrow an unjust government, legal defense, and freedom of expression, association, and the press. These rights were enshrined early in the Declaration of Independence (Philadelphia, July 4, 1776), written by Thomas Jefferson, and the Virginia Declaration... Continue reading "American Revolution: Birth of a Nation & Its Constitution" »