Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Understanding Political Power and State Authority

Authority

Authority is the delegated responsibility given to individuals holding office, often for the purpose of training and enabling others to exercise their own responsibilities. From the standpoint of the State, authority is the power exercised by a person authorized by an institution to perform generally recognized functions.

General Government

General Government consists of the general policy or practice driving state power. Strictly speaking, it usually refers to the body (which may include a chairman and a variable number of ministers) to which the Constitution grants the executive function of the State, allowing it to exercise political power over a society.

Political Power

Political Power... Continue reading "State Authority and the Characteristics of Political Power" »

Capacity and the Ability to Be Part of a Process (or Capacity to Stand Trial): Treatment Procedure

Ability to Be Part

Ability to be part is defined as the ability to be the holder of the legal relationship and procedure generated in the process and to assume the expectations and obligations inherent to it. It is a condition of release to the generality of the processes. Thus, the LEC (Civil Procedure Act) recognizes the ability of people to be a certain party, namely, to seek judicial protection and be able to see directly affected by a judicial decision. Capacity to be denied means you cannot apply for specific court guardianship.

It should be controlled to start the process for the issuance of a favorable ruling on the merits.

Article 6 of the... Continue reading "Understanding Legal Capacity in Civil Proceedings" »

Posted Workers Directive

Definition of a Posted Worker

For the purposes of this Directive, a "posted worker" is defined as any worker who, for a limited time, carries out their work in the territory of a Member State other than the one in which they normally work. The concept of "worker" is determined by the law of the Member State where the worker is posted.

Conditions of Employment

Member States must ensure that companies guarantee posted workers the following employment terms in the host Member State, regardless of the applicable employment law:

• Maximum work periods and minimum rest periods
• Minimum paid annual holidays
• Minimum rates of pay, including overtime (excluding supplementary occupational retirement pension schemes)
• Conditions of labor supply,

The Constitutional Court: Upholding Constitutional Values

The Constitutional Court plays a crucial role in ensuring that laws align with the nation's foundational principles. Judges are mandated to always follow the principles and values enshrined in the constitution.

Guiding Principles and Judicial Interpretation

While the guiding principles of a rule of law possess significant effectiveness, they also have their limits. For instance, the right of people to have decent housing cannot always be directly claimed in court, yet it still holds inherent effectiveness as a constitutional value.

The constitution automatically repeals all existing rules that contradict it. The entire legal system must be interpreted in conformity with the constitution... Continue reading "Constitutional Court: Powers, Principles, and Judicial Role" »

Employer's Obligations in Occupational Safety

Key obligations:

• The employer must ensure the safety and health of workers in all aspects of the job.
• The employer must implement occupational risk prevention measures.

Employee's Rights and Obligations in Risk Prevention

Employee's obligations:

• Use the correct protective means and equipment provided by the employer, following given instructions.

Employee's rights:

• Workers are entitled to information, consultation, and participation in the prevention of occupational hazards.

Prevention Service Modalities

Four modalities for organizing prevention:

1. Assumption of preventive functions by the employer: Only applicable to businesses with up to six workers that do not engage in dangerous activities.
2. Designation of

Business Planning & Communication

Improving Business Communication Tools

To enhance communication within a business plan, focus on designing strategies to raise awareness and promote your product or service. Key tools include:

• Advertising: Paid promotion through various media channels.
• Sales Promotion: Short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sale of a product or service.

Components of a Financial Plan

A comprehensive financial plan should include the following key points regarding investment and expenditure:

• Investments Required
• Form of Financing
• Revenue Forecast
• Expenditure Forecast
• Expected Results
• Profitability Analysis

Company Types & Liability

Common Company Types for Dental Technicians

The most frequently used company type by dental technicians... Continue reading "Business Formation Essentials: Legal Structures & Administrative Procedures" »

Understanding Constitutional Justice and the Constitutional Court

Risks in Constitutional Justice

• Ambiguity of Text: Leads to hypertrophy of the Constitutional Court's action.
• Lack of Systematic Adherence: Political forces and public authorities do not systematically adhere to the Constitutional Court's decisions.
• Court's Self-Restraint: The Constitutional Court must exercise self-restraint to avoid being drawn into the arena of political forces.

Membership and Status of the Constitutional Court

Members of the Constitutional Court are elected from among jurists of recognized prestige, with more than 15 years in the exercise of their profession. While the King formally appoints, members are nominated by various bodies: four by the Congress, four by... Continue reading "Constitutional Justice: Court Structure, Powers, and Evolution" »

Commercial Enterprise Definition

A commercial enterprise (or trade company) comprises all persons and assets organized by the owner to perform a profitable activity, such as the production or exchange of goods or services for the market.

Characteristics of a Commercial Enterprise

• The set of assets and rights is ordered and systematized.
• It is subject to legal recognition and protection.
• The ownership and organization of these elements belong to the entrepreneur or merchant.

Legal Nature of the Enterprise

The enterprise or business negotiation is considered a universal fact. The owner's will dictates that they respond to the trade obligations using their civil estate (personal assets).

Distinguishing Business Negotiation and Entity

Commercial Negotiation

Constitutional Principles and Legal Application

Constitutional principles are derived from the legal system and assist in the application of the law, especially in cases lacking specific legal rules. The principle of legality dictates that public authorities cannot contravene the legal system.

Constitutional Review: Ensuring Compliance

Constitutional review is the legal mechanism designed to ensure compliance with constitutional norms and to ensure that lower-ranking norms do not override or contradict them.

Classifications of Constitutional Review

Positive Systems

These systems, either explicitly stated in the constitutional text or implicitly recognized by customary constitutional law, admit the existence of constitutional control. Sagüés distinguishes... Continue reading "Constitutional Foundations: Principles, Review, and State Powers" »

Title V: Criminal Liability

Article 34: Grounds for Exemption from Punishment

The following individuals shall not be punished:

1. Incapacity, Unconsciousness, or Mistake of Fact

   One who, at the time of the event, was unable to understand the criminality of the act or to direct their actions due to:

   • Failure or morbid alteration of their faculties;
   • A state of unconsciousness; or
   • Mistake or ignorance of fact not attributable to them.

   Judicial Measures for Incapacity

   In case of morbid alterations, the court may order the detention of the agent in a mental hospital. The agent shall not leave except by judicial decision, after hearing the public prosecutor and receiving an opinion from experts declaring the disappearance of the danger of the patient injuring