Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

The Officer of Watch and Ship Safety

The officer of watch is the Master's representative and his primary responsibility is, at all times, the safety of the ship. He is responsible for ensuring that the planned passage is properly carried out during his watch. He must at all times comply with the International Regulation for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972, Master's standing orders, and Master's bridge order book.

Maintenance of Watch and Look-out

The officer of watch is responsible for the maintenance of a continuous and alert watch and look-out. Under no circumstances should he leave the bridge until being properly relieved.

Responsibilities of the Master

The Master is responsible for the safe navigation of the ship and ensuring that all watch-... Continue reading "Responsibilities of the Officer of Watch and Master in Ship Navigation" »

Employee vs. Self-Employment: A Deep Dive into EU Labor Law

In the 19th century, the FCC recognized two types of renting agreements: one for things and one for works. Contracts for renting work (louage) assumed that workers trade the abstract and commodified aspects of their working activity. Workers, considered free and equal to their counterparts, could consent to unilateral control over their labor. This led to the development of labor protection to react to the harsh consequences of labor, questioning the idea of labor as a commodity separate from humans and recognizing the personal involvement of workers in the performance of the contract.

Personal Value: Fundamental rights (freedom of association and collective bargaining, no discrimination,... Continue reading "Employee vs. Self-Employment: EU Labor Law" »

Types of Federalism

Centralized Federalism

The national government takes primary responsibility for determining national goals in all major policy areas and directs state and local government activity through conditions attached to money grants.

New Federalism

Refers to efforts, first in the Nixon administration, to return some federal tax funds to the states (general revenue sharing) and later efforts in the Reagan administration to consolidate federal grant-in-aid programs into block grants.

Representational Federalism

The idea that federalism is defined by the role of the states in electing members of Congress and the president rather than any constitutional division of powers.

Coercive Federalism

The federal government's assumption of powers traditionally... Continue reading "Understanding Federalism: Key Concepts and Terms" »

1) What is Statute - 

A Statue means any Law, Act, Enactment. The Parliament is given authority of Lawmaking. According to Blacks Dictionary,  "A  Statute is a formal written enactment of Legislative authority that governs a country, state, city or county. In Simple words, it is the Law, Enactment, Act

Public Opinion and Policy

Public Opinion: The collection of views shared by a segment of society on an issue of interest.

Public Policy: The choices the government makes and the actions it takes in response to a particular issue or problem.

Political Socialization and the Media

Political Socialization: The process by which people develop political beliefs.

Mass Media: Means of communication that provide information to a large audience.

Polling and Bias

Sampling Error: The margin of error that indicates a poll's accuracy, given as a percentage above and below the poll's results.

Bias: Refers to errors introduced by polling methods that lead to one outcome over others.

Objectivity: Freedom from bias and outside factors, such as timing, that may influence... Continue reading "A Glossary of Political Terms for Engaged Citizens" »

Business Structures: A Comprehensive Guide

Sole Trader

Advantages:

• Full control over profits
• Fast decision-making
• Simple setup process
• Easy bookkeeping

Disadvantages:

• Unlimited personal liability
• Limited access to credit
• Reliance on personal funds

General Partnership

Advantages:

• Shared profits and responsibilities
• Collaborative decision-making
• Increased access to capital and credit

Disadvantages:

• Unlimited personal liability for all partners
• Potential for disagreements and conflicts

Limited Partnership

Comprises General Partners and Limited Partners.

General Partner:

• Shares profits and makes decisions
• Has unlimited liability

Limited Partner:

• Shares profits but has limited decision-making power
• Liability limited to capital contribution

Private Limited Company

Advantages:

International Trade Glossary

Shipping and Logistics

Cargo

Port of Discharge

Port of Origin

Compete

Consignee

Quote

Contact

Rates

Container Terminal

Reliable

Free of Charge

Shipper

Free of Damage

Unload

Freight Container

Vessel

Guarantee

Volume

Load

Worldwide

Loss

Advantage

Profit

Buyer

Requirements

Ensure

Resale

Export

Risk

Follow-up

Run a Business

Foreign

Secure Transactions

Import

Shipping Arrangements

Investment

Sourcing

Manage Risk

Start a Business

Manufacturer

Supplier

Minimize Costs

Trade

Negotiations

Trust

Delay

Less than Container Load (LCL)

Disadvantage

Middleman

Distrust

On Board

Exclusive Basis

Profit Margin

Foot

Risky

Full Container Load (FCL)

Unreliable

Insecure

Wholesale

Business Telephone Etiquette

Announce

Out of the Office

Ask for Permission

Pleasant

Avoid

Professionally

Call Someone Back

Put

Defamation

Defamation is the “publication of a statement which tends to lower a person in the estimation of right-thinking members of society generally; or which tends to make them shun or avoid that person.”

Kinds of defamation:

According to English Law, defamation is of two kinds: Libel and Slander. “A libel consists of a defamatory statement or representation in permanent form; if a defamatory meaning is conveyed by spoken words or gestures it slanders.” Slander is converted into libel when spoken words are written on paper.

How libel is committed:

Printing, mark or sign exposed to view, picture, statute, waxwork etc. Libel refers to eye.

How slander is committed:

Defamation in the manual language of the deaf and dumb, and mimicry and gesticulation... Continue reading "Understanding Defamation Law: Types, Distinctions, and Defenses" »

PhD

Abbreviation for doctor of philosophy: the highest college or university degree, or someone who has a thesis. Also called doctorate. The highest degree awarded by a graduate school, usually to a person who has completed at least three years of graduate study and a dissertation approved by a board of professors.

Secondary School

A school for young people, usually between the ages of 11 and 18. A high school or a school of corresponding grade, ranking between a primary school and a college or university.

Thesis

A long piece of writing on a particular subject, especially one that is done for a higher college or university degree. A dissertation on a particular subject in which one has done original research, as one presented by a candidate for... Continue reading "Understanding Legal and Academic Terms: A Comprehensive Guide" »

Satirical subgeneres:

Formal verse satire (dialogue with “adversarius”, or restrainer, like Arbuthnot) [problem of unity and method]. Traditional form from Greece and Rome with a polish attack on a vice. The interlocutor is an instrument for balancing the attitude of the satirist. However, it is very limited; these are just short poems on different human vices.

Menippean

(mixed) [Anatomy (Frye): ideas] [other genre problems: mode, genre or borrower of forms / humour- comic / comedy / parody / mock-heroic]. It is a more fashionable kind of genre without definite form. You adapt to any other existing genre or to non-genre in particular. It can be found anywhere: poem, novel, epic… It uses a double attack: against vices and against conventions... Continue reading "Satirical Subgenres: Formal Verse, Menippean, and Scriblerian Practices" »