Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Gift: An Overview

1. Introduction

A gift is the voluntary transfer of existing movable or immovable property from one person (the donor) to another (the donee) without any consideration. Gifts can be revoked under certain circumstances.

2. Relevant Provisions

Sections 122 and 123 of the Transfer of Property Act govern the transfer of property through gifts.

3. Definition of Gift

A gift is the voluntary and gratuitous transfer of existing movable or immovable property from a donor to a donee, who accepts the gift or has it accepted on their behalf.

4. Essentials of a Valid Gift

1. Parties: Donor and donee
2. Subject Matter: Movable or immovable property
3. Existing Property: Property must exist at the time of the gift
4. Consideration: No consideration should be involved
5. Voluntarily:

Mortgage

Definition of Mortgage:

A mortgage is security for the payment of debt. It is created by a written document providing security for the performance of a duty or the payment of debt. More specifically, a mortgage is the transfer of an interest in specific immovable property for the purpose of securing the payment of money advanced by way of loan, an existing or future debt, or the performance of an engagement which may give rise to pecuniary liability.

Key Terms:

• Mortgagor: The transferor (borrower) is called the mortgagor.
• Mortgagee: The transferee (lender) is called the mortgagee.
• Mortgage Money: The principal money and interest secured for payment is called mortgage money.
• Mortgage Deed: The instrument by which the transfer is effected is

Power of Attorney

In today's fast-paced world, our activities and engagements have increased significantly. As individuals become busier, the need to rely on others for assistance has grown. Consequently, the importance of a Power of Attorney has become increasingly apparent.

Definition

A Power of Attorney is a legal instrument that authorizes a specified person to act on behalf of another person, known as the principal.

Types of Power of Attorney

There are several types of Power of Attorney:

• General Power of Attorney

  A General Power of Attorney grants the agent broad authority to perform various acts or exercise all powers that the principal could exercise regarding specific property or matters.

• Special Power of Attorney

  A Special Power of Attorney

Legal System and Social Issues

Authorities (power) / bravery / capitalism / citizen (population) / citizenship / civil servants (public)

Chapter 15: Negligence

1. Negligence

Negligence is conduct that falls below the standard established by law for the protection of others against unreasonable risk of harm. It is an unintentional tort where the defendant acted unreasonably but did not intend to commit the act or cause harm.

Note: No punitive damages may be awarded in cases of negligence.

1. Elements of Negligence:

• Duty
• Breach of Duty
• Causation
• Damages

2. Defenses Against Negligence:

• Statute of Limitations
• Act of God
• Contributory or Comparative Negligence on the Part of the Plaintiff
• Assumption of Risk by the Plaintiff
• Immunity

5 Liability Issues:

• Lack of Supervision
• Improper Instruction or Training
• Unsafe Use of Equipment
• Improper Medical Care
• Negligence in Transportation

***Note: Nothing on product... Continue reading "Negligence, Liability, and Risk Management in Sports and Recreation" »

Chapter 18: Net Assets and Capital

Net assets are defined as total assets minus total liabilities. Paid-in Capital and Retained Earnings are two of the three primary accounts classifications for Shareholders' Equity.

Corporate Form Disadvantages

• Paperwork is expensive
• Double taxation

Corporate Form Advantages

• Corporation is a separate legal entity - separate & distinct from its owners
• Ownership interest is easily transferred
• Shareholders do not have mutual agency relationship
• Limited liability - owners are not personally liable for debts of the corporation
• Ease of raising capital

Corporations have articles of incorporation (corporate charter) that describe the nature of the firm's business activities, the shares to be issued, and the composition of... Continue reading "Understanding Net Assets, Capital, and Retrospective Accounting Changes" »

Overriding Protection and Adverse Possession

The Limitation Act 1980 previously granted overriding protection to individuals who had acquired rights through adverse possession (AP) for 12 uninterrupted years. This meant that even if someone hadn't yet reached the 12-year threshold, they could still receive protection, preventing a third-party purchaser from evicting them. However, this approach created inconsistencies in the law.

The Land Registration Act 2002 Reform

The Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 brought significant changes to the doctrine of adverse possession. Section 96 and Schedule 6 of the LRA 2002 now govern this area. Notably, Section 96 abolishes the Limitation Act 1980's time limits for registered land. As a result, owning land... Continue reading "Overriding Interests and Adverse Possession: Understanding the Land Registration Act 2002" »

The government has approved the new ESO education law, which eliminates numerical grades and allows students to pass the course without any limit of failures.

The repetition of a course will be considered an exceptional measure, so students may only repeat the same course a maximum of two times throughout compulsory education. The make-up exams for June and September will also be eliminated. Therefore, students who have failed a subject (without limit) may pass the course as long as they have the approval of the faculty. Additionally, the subject of philosophy will be withdrawn.

In my opinion, I believe that these laws should not be approved because they will make children less hard-working and less educated.

Key Vocabulary by Category

Official Authority, Government, and Law

• Inquisition: A period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.
• Insurrection: A violent uprising against an authority or government.
• Junta: A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.
• Municipal: Relating to a city or town or its governing body.
• Lobby: To seek to influence a politician or public official on an issue.
• Oligarchy: A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
• Ordinance: A piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority.
• Ratify: To sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.
• Regime: A government, especially an authoritarian one.
• Sanction: