Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Law & Jurisprudence

Chapter 18: Net Assets and Capital

Net assets are defined as total assets minus total liabilities. Paid-in Capital and Retained Earnings are two of the three primary accounts classifications for Shareholders' Equity.

Corporate Form Disadvantages

• Paperwork is expensive
• Double taxation

Corporate Form Advantages

• Corporation is a separate legal entity - separate & distinct from its owners
• Ownership interest is easily transferred
• Shareholders do not have mutual agency relationship
• Limited liability - owners are not personally liable for debts of the corporation
• Ease of raising capital

Corporations have articles of incorporation (corporate charter) that describe the nature of the firm's business activities, the shares to be issued, and the composition of... Continue reading "Understanding Net Assets, Capital, and Retrospective Accounting Changes" »

Overriding Protection and Adverse Possession

The Limitation Act 1980 previously granted overriding protection to individuals who had acquired rights through adverse possession (AP) for 12 uninterrupted years. This meant that even if someone hadn't yet reached the 12-year threshold, they could still receive protection, preventing a third-party purchaser from evicting them. However, this approach created inconsistencies in the law.

The Land Registration Act 2002 Reform

The Land Registration Act (LRA) 2002 brought significant changes to the doctrine of adverse possession. Section 96 and Schedule 6 of the LRA 2002 now govern this area. Notably, Section 96 abolishes the Limitation Act 1980's time limits for registered land. As a result, owning land... Continue reading "Overriding Interests and Adverse Possession: Understanding the Land Registration Act 2002" »

The government has approved the new ESO education law, which eliminates numerical grades and allows students to pass the course without any limit of failures.

The repetition of a course will be considered an exceptional measure, so students may only repeat the same course a maximum of two times throughout compulsory education. The make-up exams for June and September will also be eliminated. Therefore, students who have failed a subject (without limit) may pass the course as long as they have the approval of the faculty. Additionally, the subject of philosophy will be withdrawn.

In my opinion, I believe that these laws should not be approved because they will make children less hard-working and less educated.

Key Vocabulary by Category

Official Authority, Government, and Law

• Inquisition: A period of prolonged and intensive questioning or investigation.
• Insurrection: A violent uprising against an authority or government.
• Junta: A military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.
• Municipal: Relating to a city or town or its governing body.
• Lobby: To seek to influence a politician or public official on an issue.
• Oligarchy: A small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
• Ordinance: A piece of legislation enacted by a municipal authority.
• Ratify: To sign or give formal consent to (a treaty, contract, or agreement), making it officially valid.
• Regime: A government, especially an authoritarian one.
• Sanction:

The Conclusion of a Congress Meeting

The document is the conclusion of a meeting (the conclusion taken by a congress). The authors of this document are 118 Spaniards, and it was written on the 8th of June 1962. The subject is the conditions one state should have in order to be accepted in the European constitution. It was published in 1962, so it is after the European Economic Community. It is a first-level text, and the target readers are the people of the European constitution. The authors were living abroad because they were not allowed to live in Spain, so they met in Munich.

Changing Situation in Spain

The things are changing in Spain (we are in the second part of Franconism), the situation improved from the 50s. The recognition of Franco’s... Continue reading "Conditions for European Union Acceptance: The Spanish Case" »

The Evolution of the Regulatory State in the EU

The role of government in the economy has significantly evolved. We can identify distinct phases:

1. Positive State: Initially, governments often owned and controlled key industries.
2. Liberalization: A shift occurred towards liberalization, with governments reducing direct control and allowing greater private sector involvement.
3. Growth of the Regulatory State: Industries became increasingly governed by private companies, but with regulations set and overseen by both private and public entities.

Factors Contributing to the Decline of the Positive State

• Privatization: Private companies gained control of industries previously managed by the state.
• Europeanization: The increasing influence of the European Union

This text is composed with articles of the Basque autonomy statute (1979) elaborated by Basque representatives and approved by the Central government and ratified by the king. It is a first level text and Suarez signs the ratification document.

After the Civil War 40 years of Francoism started and when the General died, when Franco died Juan Carlos prince became the new king. He maintained as head of the government Arias Navarro, already appointed by Franco. The king was the person who appeared in favor of the breaking up. He had two possible ways to govern: to continue with Francoism or to break up with it. As the king wanted democracy, Arias Navarro decided to end up with Francoism. The role of the king was very important. He asked Arias Navarro... Continue reading "History of Basque Autonomy Statute and Its Impact on Spain" »

What Pushed Congress Towards a Declaration of War?

President McKinley was responsible for pushing Congress to authorize the war. Ironically, at the start of his presidential term, he actually wanted to steer the US away from any involvement in war. However, after an explosion on an American battleship, which killed 260 of its members, the public wanted aggressive action against Spain, which is what led McKinley to do so.

What Is the Teller Amendment?

The Teller Amendment was a result of President McKinley going to Congress in order to use force against the Spanish in the Spanish-American War. The amendment was passed in order to authorize the war. The amendment stated that the US didn't have any intentions to annex Cuba.

Describe the US Involvement

Introduction to Criminal Law

Key Definitions

Traffic Infraction: Any offense defined as a "traffic infraction."

Misdemeanor: An offense, other than a traffic infraction, punishable by a sentence of 15 days to less than one year.

Violation: An offense, other than a traffic infraction, punishable by a sentence of less than 15 days.

Act: Bodily movement.

Omissions: A form of actus reus. This could include failing to warn others about a dangerous situation you created (e.g., not feeding an infant left in your care).

Actus Reus: Commonly defined as a criminal act resulting from voluntary bodily movement.

Sources of Law

1. Constitution: Identifies basic rights and obligations.
2. Statute: A law passed by a legislature (federal/state).
3. Case Law: Law established by