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Federico García Lorca (Fuente Vaqueros, Granada province, June 5, 1898 - Víznar, August 19, 1936) was a Spanish poet, playwright, and prose writer, also known for his skill in many arts. Assigned to the so-called Generation of '27, he is the most influential and popular poet of 20th-century Spanish literature. He was executed after the military uprising of the Spanish Civil War, due to his affinity with the Popular Front and for being openly homosexual.

Lorca's Poetic Evolution

Early Works and Modernist Touches

The first stage involves his production until 1927. Apart from the original Book of Poems (1921), which shows a touch of modernism, it includes First Songs (1922), Suites (1926), Songs (1927), some Odes, Gypsy Ballads (1928), and Poema

Pío Baroja: Life and Personality

Born in San Sebastián in 1872, Pío Baroja studied medicine in Madrid but soon left his practice as a doctor. He published his first books in 1900.

• Until 1911, he published 17 novels, constituting the most important part of his production.
• His fame was consolidated: His life became increasingly sedentary. In 1935, he joined the Royal Academy. The Spanish Civil War surprised him in the Basque Country, from where he went to France. In 1940, he settled again in Madrid. He died in 1956.
• He was a man of lonely and bitter mood.
• He was pessimistic about man and the world. However, he could feel tenderness for deprived or marginalized beings.

This complete and utter sincerity is a fundamental feature of his temperament.... Continue reading "Pío Baroja: Life, Works, and Influence on Spanish Literature" »

The Generation of '27 After the Spanish Civil War

The poets of the Generation of '27 first introduced new human themes, such as love. Some poets, driven by social concerns, became interested in politics. After the Civil War, the poetic group fractured. Federico García Lorca was shot in 1936, and the rest of the group dispersed. The exiled poets included Luis Cernuda, Rafael Alberti, Pedro Salinas, and Jorge Guillén. In their production, the subject of the lost homeland appears repeatedly.

In Spain, only Gerardo Diego, Dámaso Alonso, and Vicente Aleixandre remained, writing poetry focused on existential anguish.

Jorge Guillén

Work: Aire Nuestro

Guillén's major work, Aire Nuestro, mirrors the life and work of Juan Ramón Jiménez. This extensive... Continue reading "The Generation of '27: Post-Civil War Poetry, Exile, and Existential Anguish" »

Ramon Llull

In 1263, as described in his autobiography, Vita coaetanea, Ramon Llull had a series of visions of Jesus Christ crucified, which led him to dedicate his life to the following:

• Writing works to disseminate Christian doctrine.
• Founding schools to teach his philosophical system, as well as Arabic and other Oriental languages.
• Undertaking apostolic trips to convert people.

Ramon Llull's Works

Llull developed a philosophical system known as the Art, which sought to establish a relationship between reason (philosophy) and faith (truth).

Religious, Educational, and Moral Works:

• Book of Contemplation (an encyclopedic work preceding the Art)
• Poetry that includes the mystical theme in poetic prose.
• Novels intended for readers to understand and serve

Spanish Baroque Theater: Masters and Works

The Setting: Corral de Comedias

In the late sixteenth century, theater began to be represented in specific venues called corrales de comedias. The corrales de comedias were neighborhood courtyards adapted to accommodate regular performances. Audience members were segregated by social class:

• Nobles: Seated in aposentos (apartments/boxes).
• Clergymen: Seated in the tertulia (gallery).
• Women: Seated in the cazuela (stew pot/gallery).

La Comedia Nueva: Lope de Vega's Formula

Spanish Baroque dramas usually adhered to a formula established by Lope de Vega, known as the Comedia Nueva (New Comedy).

Core Features of the Comedia Nueva

• They consist of three acts, which correspond respectively with the exposition, climax,

Understanding Subordinate and Coordinated Clauses

Subordinate Noun Clauses

• Subject: Introduced by the conjunction "que" and requires agreement.
• Direct Object (CD): Can be replaced by a noun phrase (NP) or pronouns like "lo, la, los, las."
• Adverbial (CRV - Complemento de Régimen Verbal/Circunstancial): Introduced by "que" preceded by another preposition. May be substituted by "que," "quien," "cual," or "donde."
• Noun Complement (CN): Introduced by "que" usually preceded by a preposition.
• Adjective Complement (CAdj): Appears before the substantive as an adjective.

Coordinated Clauses

• Copulative: Joined by conjunctions like "and," "nor."
• Disjunctive: Joined by conjunctions like "or," "either...or."
• Adversative: Joined by conjunctions like "but."

Adjectival

El Cantar de Mio Cid: Intertextuality and Orality

Type of Text

El Cantar de Mio Cid is an epic poem that recounts the great deeds of the Cid.

Intertextuality

Intertextuality is the phenomenon of connections between different texts. It can be between literary and non-literary works. It may appear in different ways: appointment, allusion, imitation, parody, comment, or processing. To recognize them, the reader should have some literary competence that allows them to relate the texts.

El Cantar de Mio Cid (12th Century)

Castilla (20th Century)

Signs of Orality in El Cantar de Mio Cid

• Appeals to the public: The poem takes into account the audience.
• Statement by the minstrel in the narrative: The minstrel includes commentary.
• Direct speech: The story is updated

Modernism in Hispanic Literature

Stylistic Periods

Modernism in Spanish literature distinguishes two phases:

• 1888–1896: From the publication of Azul... to Profanas by Rubén Darío.
• Post-1896: Focus shifts to Symbolist influence and intimate creation, seen in authors like J.R. Jiménez and Machado.

Modernist Poetry: Characteristics and Themes

Modernist poets rejected vulgar reality, creating new, artificial worlds filled with beauty. Key themes include:

• Evasion and ideal paradises.
• Sensuality, eroticism, and the femme fatale.
• Mythology and spiritual crisis.
• Cosmopolitanism and confrontation with the bourgeoisie.

Stylistic Features

The style is marked by:

• Recourse to alliteration and strongly marked rhythm, conferring musicality.
• Use of cultisms, foreign

The Musical Vocation of Lyric Poetry

Lyric: The song lyric is such that there is an intimate connection with music lyrics and cantatas. They end up being set to music, and lyrical poetry has, in its origin and name, a musical vocation—its will to exist in the voice.

Key Features of the Poetic Genre

Poetry is the genre that states most clearly the specific character of literature and its distance from everyday language.

• Emotional Expression: One characteristic is the emotional aspect, as the poem seeks to convey a particular mood.
• Lyrical Immediacy: In lyrical immediacy, there is always a bet to reduce the space for expression in search of greater concentration and emotional density.
• The Lyrical "I": The most important feature is the lyrical "I"

Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra (1547–1616)

Born in 1547 in Alcalá de Henares, Cervantes traveled to Italy and was deeply impressed by its art and literature. He was a poet (he published a piece in verse, Viaje del Parnaso, and must have written many poems of nature worship).

Cervantes as a Playwright

Cervantes wrote numerous works; we retain more than a dozen comedies and eight entremeses (interludes). His classic comedies follow the known rules. His only tragedy is the interesting Numancia. His entremeses are very notable, offering accurate portraits of the popular classes of the era.

Cervantes as a Novelist

Cervantes excels especially as a novelist, writing novels of all types known in his time:

• La Galatea: A pastoral book concerning the loves