Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Latin

Introduction

Spanish literature production during the Civil War was scarce and tended to serve the interests of each side. These works were often urgent and of poor quality. The conflict caused a deep cut with the earlier tradition. After the war, Spanish intellectuals like Pérez de Ayala, Jarnés, and Francisco Ayala Sender, who supported the Republic, were forced into exile or faced death.

Young novelists at the beginning of the 1940s found themselves in a depleted atmosphere. Censorship was imposed not only on young artists but also on any work, past or present, that opposed the regime's ideals.

This period also includes the production of exiled writers after the war, with their reflections on Spain, the Civil War, and its aftermath.

Some notable... Continue reading "Spanish Literature: Civil War to 1975 and Beyond" »

Post-War Spanish Poetry

After the Civil War, poetic production divided into two main groups:

• Poets in Exile: Covering topics such as the lost homeland, often with a bitter tone.
• Poets in Spain: Starting a process of rehumanization, with themes revolving around existential and social problems.

The 40s and Early 50s: Generation of '36

These poets are known as the Generation of '36. Two major trends stand out:

Rooted Poetry (Arraigada)

Grouped around the magazine Garcilaso. Influenced by a religious feeling present in classical forms, presenting a consistent, orderly, and serene worldview. Topics covered include family and nature. Poets in this group include Luis Rosales and Leopoldo Panero.

Uprooted Poetry (Desarraigada)

Represented by the magazine Espadaña.... Continue reading "Spanish Poetry Movements After the Civil War" »

Lope de Vega and the New Comedy

In the 17th century, Lope de Vega combined literary quality with the ability to attract the public. In 1609, Lope wrote his New Art of Making Comedy, a short, ironic work in which he attempts to explain and defend his theatrical conception against those who criticize the apparatus of classical acts. He proposed the following:

• Divide the comedy into 3 acts, calling them "jornadas".
• Mix the tragic and the comic.
• Mix social strata in the comedy, even appearing in the most serious works.
• The work should have a single action and develop in the same place and during one "jornada".
• Plays are written in verse.
• The writer uses different types of stanzas according to the situations.

Lope admits that the rules of Classical Theater... Continue reading "Spanish Golden Age Theater: 17th Century Drama" »

The late 19th and early 20th century in Spanish literature saw a series of innovations and changes. Pessimistic authors reflected the societal anxieties of the time. Their works often conveyed frustration and hopelessness. Influenced by Schopenhauer, they explored the idea that overcoming pain and suffering requires giving up on worldly desires. This led to a focus on lost history, internal conflict, and fragmented protagonists. The writers of '98 were united in their protest against the customs and situation of Spanish society, offering a personal and subjective view of things.

Valle-Inclán was one of the most avant-garde writers, beginning in modernism and evolving towards the grotesque. His major prose works include the Sonatas (Autumn,

Livelihood:

That which should be itself and not another.

Diverse Conceptions of the Soul

Its substantial identity. Del Alma: In substance, spirit will not admit of a composite or material existence. Del Alma is to be concrete, and to port an individual to a substance to order or resemble a universal form. Clinamen is considered to be the soul tied to the body, as the pilot of a ship, safe in its independent tendencies to substance.

Source Del Alma

As he formed the Soul

1. Traducianism:

   ESIS is the position of Tertullian and St. Augustine. Consensus is that your soul is the result of your parents.

2. Emanation:

   EI (the soul) is to be emanating from his substance (Stoic) or will not return (Neoplatonism). For Spinoza, the soul emanates from substance; for

The Evolution of Languages in Spain

Official and Co-official Languages

The constitution establishes Castilian (Spanish) as the official language of Spain. Galician, Basque, Catalan, and Valencian are recognized as co-official languages in their respective regions.

Linguistic Diversity

Linguistically, there are varieties that are not considered languages, such as Asturian and Aranese.

Historical Language Formation

The most widespread languages in ancient times were Iberian, Celtic, and Basque. Other languages like Tartessian were spoken in the south. Phoenician, Greek, and Carthaginian were established on the coasts. These pre-Roman languages eventually disappeared, but some terms reached the current Castilian.

Romanization and Romance Languages

During... Continue reading "Evolution of Languages in Spain: From Romanization to Today" »

Spanish Verbs: Tenses and Moods

Indicative Mood

• Preterite Imperfect: singing
• Preterite Perfect Simple: I sang
• Future Imperfect/Conditional Simple: sing
• Preterite Perfect Compound: I sang
• Preterite Pluperfect: had sung
• Preterite Anterior: I had sung
• Future Perfect: I will have sung
• Conditional Perfect: could sing

Subjunctive Mood

• Present: singing
• Preterite Perfect: has sung
• Preterite Imperfect/Preterite Pluperfect: had sung
• Future Imperfect: sing
• Future Perfect: he has sung

Non-Personal Forms

• Gerund: singing
• Participle: sung

Verbal Expressions

• Obligation: haber de, tener que, deber
• Probability: deber de, poder, venir a

Verbal Aspects

• Inchoative: burst out, get to, begin to
• Repetitive: go back to
• Terminative: finish, stop
• Durative: being, walking, followed
• Resultative:

Contemporary Poetry

During the war, poetry was the most cultivated genre, and the most prominent theme was exile. The poetry was characterized by continuing with the symbolist tradition, but the symbolism evolved into pure poetry. Avant-garde, experimental, and visual resources appeared. In the sixties, historical or social realism emerged.

Crisis of Realism in the Seventies

Since the seventies, realism entered a crisis, and poetry became characterized by eclecticism and a certain trend. New proposals emerged, and poetic works were published by authors of the postwar era because these poets coexisted with the realistic trend, moving away from realism.

New Poetry: Intimacy and Experience

Realism intended to achieve social change, but many poets felt... Continue reading "Evolution of Contemporary Poetry: From Exile to Experience" »

The Generation of '27: Key Poets, Themes, and Influences

Federico García Lorca's works are characterized by a blend of inspiration and technique, revolving around central themes such as the tragic destiny of humanity and the impossibility of complete human fulfillment. In his early phase, influenced by Bécquer, Machado, and Juan Ramón Jiménez, he aimed to convey a tragic perspective on love and death, exemplified in Gypsy Ballads. Later, breaking with traditional verse in Poet in New York, he reflected the impact of the city and warned against a dehumanized world. He was also significantly influenced by Rafael Alberti and Surrealism.

We can distinguish a lyrical neo-populism in which he speaks of his nostalgic sea (Sailor on Earth) and Surrealism,... Continue reading "Generation of '27: Key Poets, Themes, and Influences" »

Internal Monologue

The internal monologue is a relatively new expressive form that appeared in North America at the end of the nineteenth century. A great expressive instrument, such as the novel Ulysses by James Joyce (1922). The interior monologue is a form of expression without restraints; sentiment is free. In a digressive way, we go from one topic to another by association of ideas. Originally, in English, it is called "Stream of Consciousness," favoring images that can literally represent what is said, especially with the changes characteristic of indirect speech. The monologue is usually long. The final chapter of Ulysses is the most famous interior monologue. It invents a formula to avoid censorship, where the brake is the existence... Continue reading "Understanding Internal Monologue and Miguel Delibes' Works" »