Notes, abstracts, papers, exams and problems of Latin

Federico García Lorca: Life and Works

Federico García Lorca lived in Madrid since 1919 and died in 1936. He was one of the most interesting contemporary writers and playwrights in Spain. He is the only writer of the Generation of '27 who alternated between theater and poetry. The connection between his poetry and plays are evident in the subject matter, language, and use of symbols. Lorca was a man of the theater. In many of his works, he raises the theme of theater within a play, a great theatrical achievement, as seen in Blood Wedding and Yerma.

Classification of Lorca's Theater

a) Early Theater:

• His first play was The Butterfly's Evil Spell.
• He also began the series Puppets: Cachiporra, born from his love of puppet theater.
• Two popular tragic

Baroque Culture in Spain

Patronage and Official Culture: During this period, the monarchy and privileged groups devoted themselves to patronage. Official culture was primarily in the hands of universities and colleges. There were also smaller gatherings in colleges and academies focused on artistic and scientific matters.

However, as most of the population was illiterate, information was transmitted orally and visually. This explains the rise of religious instruction through sermons, images, and festivals. In science, Spain did not experience much progress; only at the end of the 17th century were there some notable movements.

Baroque Festivities

Court festivals were organized to exalt the power of the nobility. Religious festivities included *... Continue reading "Baroque in Spain: Culture, Festivities, and Poetry" »

The Conquest and Romanization of the Iberian Peninsula

In the early second century BC, the territories conquered by Rome occupied the east coast of the peninsula (Hispania Citerior) and the south (Hispania Ulterior). The areas that had been colonized by the Phoenicians and Greeks were accepting the presence of Roman territories, while others were opposed to internal resistance. The Lusitanian leader Viriathus became the symbol of resistance, and this caused many problems for the Roman troops. Numantia fell in 133 BC. In 19 BC, the conquest of the peninsula was completed with the Cantabrian Wars, in which Augustus intervened. During the conquest of the peninsula, Rome did not stop founding new cities, contributing to triple Romanization. Around... Continue reading "Roman Conquest of the Iberian Peninsula & Theseus's Legend" »

The Mester de Juglaría

In the Middle Ages, after traditional lyric poetry, a new form of literature in verse emerged. These works are grouped into two trends, or schools, also called mesteres. The Mester de Juglaría refers to the school of literature in verse where jesters entertained audiences with jokes, juggling, and songs.

Epic Compositions

Epic compositions are narratives that explain events related to war. They are stories in verse characterized by a regular meter and assonant rhyme. These extensive compositions, such as the Cantar de Mio Cid with over 3700 verses, tell the hazañas (deeds) of a major national hero who lived through important events or actions for their people.

Origin

Literary scholars debate whether these epics were the... Continue reading "Medieval Spanish Literature: Minstrelsy and Clergy" »

Generation of '98: A New Novel

The authors of the Generation of '98 rejected nineteenth-century realism, coupled with aesthetic concerns. The works of Azorín, Unamuno, Baroja, and Valle-Inclán represent a break with the realist novel. They were no longer interested in the pure reflection of reality, but rather how this is reflected and permeates personal sensitivity. There is a clear artistic concern, more or less intense as the case may be. This affects not only the style but also the narrative structures.

Azorín

His novels are characterized by a mixing between narrative and essay. Argument loses importance and they become, rather, a gallery of characters and typical environments. His works show existential uneasiness and his vision for Spain.... Continue reading "Generation of '98: Authors and Characteristics" »

Training Text

The training text, now as Funvio Direct, gives orders or advice.

Characteristics

Accuracy, conciseness, and organization. It has a simple structure with two parts: information and instructions, in schematic shape and form of narration.

Adverbs

Words that are invariant accompany and modify the verb, the adjective, or another adverb. They indicate:

• Statement (yes, too)
• Manner (well, so)
• Amount (very little)
• Place (where, are)
• Time (when, present)
• Negation (not)
• Doubt (maybe)

Adverbial Phrases

These are groups of words that perform the same function as adverbs:

• Manner: forcefully, slowly
• Time: sometimes, at any time
• Location: near, above
• Quantity: month to month
• Statement: certainly, really
• Negation: no way
• Doubt: if anything, depending

Coordinated Sentences

• Copulative:

Miguel de Unamuno: San Manuel Bueno, Mártir

Born in Bilbao in 1864, Miguel de Unamuno obtained a professorship and became rector of the University of Salamanca. He was dismissed for political reasons, opposed to the military. He was arrested at his home and died in Salamanca in 1936. Unamuno was one of the most prestigious intellectuals in and outside of Spain. A man of battles and deep religious convictions, Unamuno has a varied literary production: essays, novels, poetry, and drama. However, he excels in his essayistic work.

Unamuno's novels are a projection of his personal problems and concerns. Highlights include:

• Abel Sánchez, which addresses the fratricide between two friends.
• La Tía Tula, about motherhood.
• San Manuel Bueno, Mártir, where

15th Century: Transition to the Renaissance

During this period, two types of works are prominent: the romance and cancionero poetry, reflecting the medieval heritage.

The Ballad

The ballad is a collection of romances (narrative poems):

• They consist of eight-syllable verses, rhyming assonance in pairs.
• Its origin lies in the evolution of the meter of epic poems, having a traditional character:
  • They are born from an epic, legend, historical event, or the result of fantasy.
  • They are recited from memory, orally.
  • They are anonymous poems.
• Besides the epic romance, we find romances on Moorish subjects, the Matter of Britain, lyrical, etc.

Cancionero Poetry

Cancionero poetry is named after its musical character. It was composed to be sung at court, and it is... Continue reading "15th Century Literature: Transition to the Renaissance in Spain" »

Pre-1936 Spanish Theater

At the beginning of the century, Spanish drama was largely unrecognized. High comedy, referring to bourgeois realist drama, flourished due to societal demand. In 1905, over 50 writers, including Unamuno, Dario, Azorin, Valle-Inclán, the Machado brothers, Graw Maeztu, signed a manifesto of public protest. Key figures in this genre include Dicenta and Jacinto.

Poetic drama attempted to bring modernism to the theater. Eduardo Marquina, with Children of the Cid, was a prominent figure. The Machado brothers also contributed significantly, permeating poetic knowledge into their works.

The comedy of manners showcased great variety, often linked to musicals like the zarzuela and operetta, such as La Gran Vía and La Verbena de

Modernism and the Generation of '98

The Crisis at the End of the Century

Controversy: Modernism vs. Generation '98

The intellectuals of the time, including those from decadent Hispanic America, coined the term Art Nouveau. This movement represented a rejection of society and culture. In Spain, Modernism and the Generation of '98 coexisted in the literature of the century, but critics viewed them as manifestations of a crisis at the end of the century.

Modernism: A Rebellious Renewal

Modernism embodied a vital attitude of rebellion and renewal, impacting politics, religion, and art. It involved a rejection of materialism and the social and moral norms that restricted human freedom.

Literary Modernism

Literary Modernism, a movement born in Latin America... Continue reading "Modernism vs. Generation 98: Literary Crisis & Renewal" »