Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Quattrocento Painting Characteristics

The Quattrocento painting style is characterized by:

• Naturalism and realism with a great interest in the study of human anatomy.
• Greater freedom regarding rigid Gothic schemas.
• Use of the laws of perspective with the creation of a vanishing point toward which most lines of composition converge.
• Emphasis on drawing.
• Importance of using light planes to define and unify the environment.
• Panel paintings were still used as a support with tempera as the primary technique, but in the second half of the 15th century, oil on canvas began to be used.
• Religious themes remained prevalent in churches.
• Portraiture emerged as a consequence of the bourgeoisie's desire to be immortalized by leading painters.

Leading Quattrocento

Realism

Henri Beyle (Stendhal) - The Red and the Black

Honoré de Balzac - Père Goriot

Gustave Flaubert - Madame Bovary

Charles Dickens - David Copperfield

Benito Pérez Galdós: In his works, he aimed to reproduce the society of his time, encompassing all social classes. His novels can be classified as:

Thesis: Defends an idea through a Manichaean character.

Spanish-Contemporary: Reflect a corrupt world dominated by speculation.

Spiritualist: Proposes love as a solution to social problems.

Galdós aims to reflect reality in its totality.

Parnassianism

A French literary movement of the second half of the nineteenth century. It put forward the slogan of "art for art's sake," defended Greco-Roman mythology, and advocated discipline, awareness, and balance... Continue reading "19th and 20th Century Literary Movements: Realism to the Generation of '27" »

Cordoba's Mezquita: A Historical Overview

Origins and Patronage

The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba was not the work of a single author but evolved through alterations and extensions from the 8th to the 11th century. Its initial construction was commissioned by Emir Abd al-Rahman I.

Chronology

• Primitive Mosque: 786-788 AD

Location

Cordoba, Spain.

Architectural Description and Evolution

The Original Mosque (Abd al-Rahman I)

The initial mosque was built upon the remains of an ancient Christian church, St. Vincent's Basilica. It featured a square layout, divided into two distinct parts: half courtyard and half prayer hall. The prayer hall originally comprised eleven naves, with the qibla (direction of prayer) facing south. This southern orientation is characteristic... Continue reading "Cordoba's Mezquita: Islamic Architectural Masterpiece" »

Rosalia de Castro: Romanticism and Galician Rexurdimento

Romanticism, in its political dimension, involved the awakening of national consciousness. Two key examples were the Catalan Renaixença and the Galician Rexurdimento. While writers like Jacint Verdaguer, Bonaventura Carles Aribau, and others restored the status of Catalan culture and language, making it capable of polite literature, in Galicia, Rosalia de Castro and poets such as Manuel Curros Enríquez were instrumental in producing significant literary works in Galician. Manuel Murguía, Rosalia's husband, was an important historian of Galician heritage, and it is sometimes suggested that his prominence may have overshadowed Rosalia's own contributions to Galician culture. Rosalia de... Continue reading "Spanish Literary Heritage: From Rosalia de Castro to Cervantes" »

Theme 5: Post-War Literature

Characteristics of the Post-War Era

• General impoverishment
• Political regression and uniformity
• Censorship and exile
• Breaking with literary tradition
• Isolation of Portuguese culture

Cultural Institutions in Exile

Key institutions in exile, such as those in Argentina and Uruguay, preserved Portuguese cultural and political identity. These included:

• Publishing houses
• Newspapers
• Theater groups
• Literary associations

Notable authors and works from this period include Bl Love, Esmorga, Children Should Not Fall in Love, and Castelao. The Council of São Paulo functioned as a government in exile, sponsoring works like Otero Pedrayo's History in São Paulo.

Portuguese Literature Inside the Country

Two main groups of writers emerged:

• Those

Juan Ramon Jimenez: Important Chronology of Events in His Life

• 1881: Born in Moguer (Huelva).
• 1900: Moved to Madrid "to fight for modernism," invited by Villaespesa and Ruben Dario.
• 1901: Suffered a bout of depression after the death of his father. He was admitted to a mental hospital in France.
• 1905: He moved to Moguer, still living in isolation from the world, which is reflected in his book, *Platero and I*.
• 1911: Returned to Madrid, where he stayed at the Residencia de Estudiantes.
• 1916: Married Zenobia Camprubi in New York. Published *Diary of a Newlywed*. Lived in Madrid until the beginning of the Civil War.
• 1936: Left Spain.
• 1951: Settled permanently in Puerto Rico.
• 1956: Awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Death of his wife.
• 1958: Died in

Santiago Cathedral: A Monument of Faith and Art

Discovery of the Tomb and Construction of the Cathedral

The Cathedral of Santiago stands as one of the most characteristic examples of pilgrimage churches. In 814, Bishop Teodomiro of Iria Flavia discovered the tomb containing the remains of the Apostle Saint James (Santiago). The construction of the present cathedral was initiated under the patronage of King Alfonso VI and Bishop Diego Pelaez, beginning in the fall of 1077, with works commencing in 1078. A series of construction campaigns followed. The first, led by Master Bernardo, lasted ten years and saw the construction of little more than the chevet. Following the removal of Bishop Pelaez, construction paused until the appointment of Diego... Continue reading "Santiago Cathedral: History and Architecture" »

Gonzalo de Berceo: Life and Works

Berceo is considered the first known poet in the Castilian language, writing within the tradition of the Mester de Clerecía (Clergy's Craft).

Berceo's Works: Classification

Lives of Saints

In these works, the protagonist is not a hero, but a saint who stands by his virtues. Berceo knew classical sources and adapted his inspired works to the tastes of the people, who were used to hearing the stories offered by minstrels (juglares). Works belonging to this group include:

• Vida de Santo Domingo de Silos
• Vida de San Millán
• Life of St. Oria

Doctrinal Works

This group includes:

• The Sacrifice of the Mass
• The Signs That Will Appear Before the Judgment
• The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence

These works generally possess less literary... Continue reading "Medieval Spanish Poetry: Berceo's Mester de Clerecía and Juan Ruiz's Ambiguity" »

The Generation of '27: Summary and Outline

(Unit 15 / 4)

Common Features of the Generation of '27

• Shared characteristics: Age, culture, ideology, and space.
• Admiration for Góngora.
• Synthesis of classic and modern elements.

Avant-garde Influences

• Metric freedom (free verse).
• Emphasis on sound and score (musicality).
• Use of metaphor.
• Illogical images (Surrealism).

Stages of the Generation of '27

1. Early Stage (Pre-1927): Pure poetry, dehumanized themes.
2. Stage of Rehumanization (1928–1936): Themes of anxiety and rebellion (influenced by Pablo Neruda).
3. Post-1936 Stage: Themes of exile and ethical and social concern.

Key Poetic Elements

• Irrational imagery.
• Free verse and blank verse.

Representative Authors and Themes

• Pedro Salinas: Love
• Jorge Guillén: Abstract concepts
• Gerardo

A. Alvarez's The New Poetry and the Gentility Principle

A. Alvarez's The New Poetry is a poetic anthology featuring figures of postwar Great Britain. The introduction, titled “The New Poetry or Beyond the Gentility Principle,” sets the stage for the collection, which is divided into two sections: British and American poems.

Alvarez strongly supported American styles but reproved the excessive “gentility” of British poetry, criticizing its assertion of overly orderly and polite attitudes. He attributed this attitude to British isolation, but argued that after World War II, isolation and the “forces of disintegration” began to destroy the old principles of civilization. Thus, the new English poetry required “a new seriousness.”... Continue reading "A. Alvarez, Ted Hughes, and the Rise of Confessional Poetry" »