Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Spanish in Americas and Southern Spain

There is a strong relationship between the Spanish spoken in South America and in southern Spain (Andalusia, Canary Islands). The most outstanding feature is the common lisp, which opposes the septentrional Spanish. Focusing on the resemblance between these two Spanish varieties (the southern and the South American), it can be seen that Andalusian and Canary Spanish were instrumental as a model for the speeches that were broadcast during the conquest of the New World. This resemblance is emphasized in coastal areas where contact was continued over the years.

Features of Spanish in the Americas

Phonetic Characteristics

• S aspiration: Implosive or final (e.g., "dihco" for "disco")
• J sound aspiration: (e.g., "viahe"

Vanguards: Early 20th Century Spanish Literature

Around 1910, avant-garde movements emerged in the European artistic and literary scene. These movements rejected traditional art forms and advocated for experimentation, adopting new forms of expression.

Creationism and Surrealism

• Creationism aspired to create reality within the work itself, employing various language games to achieve this.
• Surrealism, of French origin, aimed to express emotions and subconscious thoughts.

Noucentisme: The Generation of 1914

In the second decade of the 20th century, a group of writers emerged, characterized by intellectualism, a European outlook, and a quest for pure art—an art free of ties with reality and all forms of sentimentality. This group, known as the Generation

Romanticism

Romanticism is a cultural and political movement that originated in Germany and the United Kingdom in the late eighteenth century as a revolutionary reaction against the rationalism of the Enlightenment and Classicism, giving importance to feeling. Its key feature is the break with classical tradition based on a stereotypical set of rules. Freedom is its constant, authentic search, which is why its revolutionary feature is unquestionable. Because Romanticism is a way of feeling and conceiving nature, life, and man himself, it is presented differently in each country, and especially where it develops, even within a nation, projecting itself differently in all the arts. It developed primarily in the first half of the nineteenth century,... Continue reading "Romanticism, Realism, Naturalism, Modernism and Generation of '98" »

System of Government: Republic

The Roman Republic was based on the choice of citizens who elected magistrates responsible for the organization and functioning of the city. Citizens participated in elections through assemblies:

Assemblies and Elections

• Curiae: Granted imperium to senior magistrates and resolved private matters.
• Centuries: Chose the higher magistrates and intervened in matters of war and peace.
• Tribes: Chose lower magistrates and military tribunes. The Plebeian Assembly, formed by commoners, elected the tribunes of the people who defended them.

The Candidate

The term Candidate comes from the white toga (toga candida) worn by those presenting themselves for political office.

Characteristics of Magistrates

Roman magistrates typically served... Continue reading "Government and Society in the Roman Republic" »

Theater Until 1970

At the beginning of the twentieth century, a truly revolutionary theatrical movement emerged.

Realistic Theater

This was a commercial theater that catered to a taste for realism, looking for the natural. A key author in this movement was Konstantin Stanislavski.

Political Theater

This form broke with realistic and naturalistic theater, proposing to amend society.

• Erwin Piscator (1893-1966): A German director, Piscator took theater out of the conventional setting. One of his best-known works is *The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schwejk*.
• Bertolt Brecht (1898-1956): A German dramatist, Brecht's works had a moralizing purpose, requiring the viewer to work to understand the message. A notable example is *Mother Courage and Her Children*

The Generation of '27 Poets

The Generation of '27 is formed by a group of poets who published their first works between 1920 and 1930.

Defining Characteristics

• Came from bourgeois families with a liberal spirit.
• Shared a solid literary background.
• Sought a synthesis between tradition and the avant-garde.
• Addressed universal themes.
• Used established metrical schemes while influenced by Ultraism, Creationism, and Surrealism.

Early Poetic Styles

The poetry of the Generation of '27 initially developed along two fundamental lines:

Neopopularism

Incorporation of resources and metric forms of Spanish popular poetry.

Main works:

• Gypsy Ballads by Federico García Lorca. (Opposes freedom/nature with civilization/order).
• Sailor on Land by Rafael Alberti. (Contraposition

Lyrical Poetry: An In-Depth Look

Key Characteristics of Lyrical Poetry

Lyrical poetry is a genre characterized by its subjectivity. The poet offers us a part of their thoughts and their inner vision. The most important feature is that it is written in verse. The expression of the poet's emotion can be performed through other vehicles of expression, like other poetic forms. There is poetry that can be described as epic or not lyrical. In poetry, the author simply tells the story of certain characters, even though it is done in verse.

Defining Features

• The author conveys a particular mood.
• A poem recounts a particular emotion.
• Lyrical poetry requires an effort of interpretation from the reader.
• It usually has a great accumulation of images and elements

Tirant lo Blanc: A Deep Dive

Eisner: 15th century. Very academic. He is respected for his skill with weapons and his notions of military strategy. He moves deftly to the different courts of Europe (Portugal, Naples) and died in 1468. Reflected in his novel·la is his deepest desire. His biography is quite novelistic; his life went by as he pleaded for honor and possessions. In the end, he is left without possessions, and your sister married Ausiàs March. Tirant wrote at the end of his life, and the end of the pledge was to survive. Martí Joan de Galba published his work in 1490.

Tirant's Adventures

• Tirant in England (Representation of cavalry tournaments)
• Tirant in Sicily and Rhodes (A skillful admiral at sea)
• Tirant in the Greek Empire (Where

20th Century Spain: A Cultural Overview

The early 20th century in Spain was marked by technological advancements and the upheaval of World War I. The reign of Alfonso XIII saw the establishment of a military dictatorship in 1931, followed by the Second Republic. Socially, workers suffered during a period of crisis.

The Avant-Garde Movement

This era was characterized by a fascination with experimentation and a universal artistic vocation. Artists grouped themselves into aesthetic movements known as the avant-garde, or "isms." These groups were not homogenous and included:

• Surrealism: Aiming to transcend rationality through exploration of the unconscious mind.
• Dada: Embracing the absurd and championing art created by chance.
• Ultraism: Reacting against