Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Narrative Texts
- Developing a story: a succession of actions usually with a referential function, as well as poetic.
- The story is told by a narrator to convey facts as part of a fictional world.
- The mode of discourse is prose, but verse has also been used.

Subgenres
- Epic, romance, fable, story, novel.

Dramatic Text

They develop a story through the actions or words of the characters, without the intervention of a narrator. The appellative function predominates, and next to it, it's expressive.
The form of communication between characters through dialogue is in verse and prose.

Dramatic Subgenres
- Tragedy, comedy, tragicomedy, drama, autosacramentales, farce.

Lyric Poetry: Primitive

- Jarcha: Composed in Arabic or Hebrew, typically eight lines, but... Continue reading "Understanding Narrative and Dramatic Texts in Literature" »

Early Life and Education

Rosalía de Castro was born in Santiago de Compostela, Spain, on February 24, 1837. Her mother, Teresa Castro y Abbey, was a gentlewoman of dwindling fortune. There is no evidence to support the claim that her father was the priest José Martínez Viojo. Rosalía was named Rosalía de María Rita. She spent her early years in Padrón before moving to Santiago de Compostela in 1850. Rosalía received a higher level of education than was typical for girls of her time, studying French, drawing, and music at the Sociedade Económica de Amigos del País. She also participated in activities and meetings at the Liceo de la Juventud, where she made her theatrical debut and likely met Aurelio Aguirre and Eduardo Pondal.

Literary

Neoplatonism's Influence on Love and Beauty

Renaissance Neoplatonism elevated love and beauty to essential components for spiritual transcendence. This philosophy heavily influenced the era's love lyric. Petrarchism, introduced in the 16th century by Juan Boscán and Garcilaso de la Vega, became a prominent literary movement.

Garcilaso de la Vega: A Renaissance Gentleman

Garcilaso de la Vega, a model Renaissance gentleman, combined literary pursuits with military service. Despite his early death, he produced a diverse body of work, including sonnets, songs, elegies, and epistles written in blank verse (e.g., Epistle to Boscán). He broke with tradition by using unrhymed lines instead of the classical chained tercets for the epistolary genre.... Continue reading "Renaissance Neoplatonism and Spanish Lyric Poetry" »

Theme 1: Origin and development of the languages of Spain: Except for Basque (Euskera), whose origin is unknown (but which greatly influenced Castilian), all languages spoken in the Iberian Peninsula (Castilian, Galician, Catalan, and Portuguese) and some dialects (Leonese and Aragonese) derive from Latin. When the peninsula became a Roman province, it adopted the language of the invaders, Vulgar Latin. This is the origin of all the Romance languages (derived from Latin). Before Roman colonization, the Peninsula was inhabited by diverse peoples from two cultures, the Celtic and Iberian, each with several languages. The Romanization process, by which people entered the Hispanic Latino cultural world, was very slow and incomplete in some areas.... Continue reading "Spanish Languages: Origins, Evolution, and Dialects" »

Luis de Góngora (1561-1627)

Luis de Góngora wrote both popular poems and cultos (cultured) ones. He is considered the greatest exponent of Culteranismo, a style that pursues formal beauty through the sound of words and an abundance of stylistic resources. His sonnets cover topics like love, carpe diem, or moral issues. He also used satire and letrillas (short poems) to criticize other writers of his time. His popular romances (ballads) are cheerful, lively, and have a mocking tone.

Francisco de Quevedo (1580-1645)

Francisco de Quevedo is the leading exponent of Conceptismo, a style characterized by conveying many ideas concisely. This involves the frequent use of puns, clever associations, antitheses, and striking images. He is one of the best... Continue reading "Spanish Baroque Literature: Góngora, Quevedo & Lazarillo" »

Creationism: Manuel Antonio

Manuel Antonio (1900-1930) was committed to the group from a very young age. He was never independent. He studied sports in Vigo and died of tuberculosis.

He published only one book of poems, De catro a catro (1928), although others were published posthumously. He also authored, with Álvaro Cebreiro, the manifesto Máis alá! (1922). De catro a catro is one of the most original works of contemporary Portuguese poetry. It is composed of nineteen poems. His technique reflects the poetic avant-garde influence of creationist Vicente Huidobro, who conceived the poem as a succession of images. Other traits of Manuel Antonio are: free verse, the technique of calligram, the use of foreign vocabulary, irony, and humorous games.... Continue reading "Galician Poetry and Culture: Post-War Repression and Literary Movements" »

Literary Genres: Mimesis and Beyond

Mimesis refers to imitation, encompassing both the representation of reality and the emulation of classical forms. There are three primary models: lyrical, dramatic, and narrative.

Narrative Genre

Narrative genres include epics in verse, which often tell the story of a hero. A prominent narrative form is the novel, characterized by its totalizing intention and extensive fictional plot spanning time and place. Sub-genres include:

• Cavalry novels
• Picaresque novels
• Realistic novels
• Psychological novels
• Detective novels

Novellas and short stories are shorter and less complex forms.

The Short Story (Cuento)

A short story is brief, with a limited number of characters, concentrated in its focus, simple, and often traditional.... Continue reading "Understanding Literary Genres: Mimesis, Narrative, Lyrical, and Theatrical" »

Lope de Vega: Life and Major Works

Major Works

• Swashbuckling Comedy: The Lady Loggerhead
• Discreet Love
• Palatine Comedies: The Dog in the Manger
• Biblical Comedies: The Work of Jacob
• Plays of Saints: Good Guard
• Mythological Comedies: The Legend of Perseus
• Comedy Series: Peribañez and the Commander of Ocaña
• Tragedies: The Knight of Olmedo, Punishment Without Revenge
• Court Theater: Love Love

Source Ovejuna

It raises the open confrontation between a man who abuses his power and the people of Fuente Ovejuna. The men show passivity in the attitude of the commander, which induces Laurencia to act.

The Gentleman from Olmedo

Based on a true story (the murder of a gentleman born in 1532 occurred on the road to Medina Olmedo). The protagonist, Don Alonso, senses his... Continue reading "Lope de Vega: Life, Works, and Theatrical Innovations" »

Spain during this period was under an authoritarian government led by Francisco Franco. It created a one-party structure that brought together the victors. This led to a temporary isolation of the country. However, Spain was accepted into the UN in the early 1950s, an event that marked a breakthrough.

Novels written by exiled authors showed nostalgia for the lost homeland. Prominent authors of this time include:

• Francisco Ayala: His works, such as *The Usurpers* and *Death of a Dog*, and *At the Bottom of the Glass*, all share a common theme: the Civil War.
• Max Aub: Leaning towards realism, he wrote *Valverde's House* and *Fields*, also with the Civil War as a theme.
• Ramón J. Sender: His work *Requiem for a Spanish Peasant* depicts the relationship

Two Survivors from the Generation of '27: Vicente Aleixandre and Blas de Otero

Vicente Aleixandre

*Sons of Wrath* (1944)

*Sons of Wrath* was published in 1944. Its main theme is the human being, immersed in a world full of unknowns, indecipherable and hostile. It uses a language that can be considered ugly, but it is also surprising and hurtful. An everyday language that produces sadness, but also fear, loathing, and sometimes tenderness.

In *Insomnia*, the first poem of the book, the author expresses the anguish of loneliness and abandonment she feels in a world that she does not quite understand. She rebukes God, but God is silent.

*Shadow of Paradise* (1944)

This work also appeared in 1944. One could say that it is a hymn to light from darkness.... Continue reading "Spanish Post-War Poetry: Aleixandre & Blas de Otero" »