Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

The Circumstantial Complement (CC)

The Circumstantial Complement (CC) modifies the verb, providing data on the circumstances in which the verbal process unfolds.

Characteristics of the Circumstantial Complement

• Unstressed pronouns are replaceable by tonic pronouns.
• They have more freedom in sentence position than other complements.
• The same verb can support various kinds of circumstantial complements.
• They may be adverbial or non-adverbial.

Adverbial Circumstantial Complements

These complements support replacement by an adverb. They express circumstances of place, time, manner, and quantity. They can be constructed with a preposition + noun phrase or by adverbs.

Non-Adverbial Circumstantial Complements

These complements cannot be replaced by adverbs... Continue reading "Spanish Syntax: Attributes and Circumstantial Complements" »

First Stage

His operas are characterized by a search for his own poetic language and the conservative influence of Ramón Sijé. Perito en Lunas and El Rayo que no Cesa. The first work is 40 stanzas of influence and vanguard. The Gongorine author has to poetry as an equal to the mystical experience in which the hermetic is essential. Incorporated in the genre of poetry riddles and proposes riddles. In El Rayo que no Cesa, a previous text to poems, the underlying theme is a love that cannot be complete because moral standards prevent access to his beloved. Erotic passion, the lightning symbol conveys the passionate fire in which the lover is consumed, while the wound suggests that this conception of love causes him torture. It arouses ideas of... Continue reading "Miguel Hernández: A Journey Through His Poetic Stages" »

Spanish Poets: Lorca, Alberti, and Hernández

This document examines the lives, works, and styles of three significant Spanish poets: Federico Garcia Lorca, Rafael Alberti, and Miguel Hernández.

Federico Garcia Lorca (1898-1936)

Lorca's work can be divided into three stages:

1. Early Stage: Characterized by intimate realism, difficult metaphors, and symbolism. Themes include passion, land, love's destruction, and shadows of paradise.
2. Post-Civil War: His writing becomes more humanistic and accessible.
3. Later Stage: A return to introspection and surrealist style, considered his most significant contribution to Spanish surrealism.

Lorca was born in Granada and tragically killed during the Spanish Civil War. His trip to New York exposed him to surrealism.... Continue reading "Spanish Poets: Lorca, Alberti, and Hernández - Life, Works, and Styles" »

San Juan de la Cruz: Mystic Poet of Spain

Biography and Spiritual Journey

San Juan de la Cruz, born in Ávila in 1542, stands alongside Santa Teresa de Jesús as a paramount figure in Spanish mystical literature. Juan, later canonized as San Juan de la Cruz, joined the Carmelite order and studied in Salamanca. He then pursued his studies with great activity and determination, becoming a reformer. For this, he was imprisoned in Toledo in 1577, where he suffered beatings and fell into a state of weakness, almost illness, due to fasting and penances. He escaped from jail and took refuge in a monastery. The rest of his life was spent in Andalusia, dedicated to social life.

Literary Output and Themes

His writing is totally detached from the real world.... Continue reading "San Juan de la Cruz: Spanish Mysticism and Poetic Legacy" »

Roman Social Structure and Citizenship

Excluding slaves (who were often citizens of conquered towns captured during uprisings), Roman society was broadly divided into two main classes:

• Honestiores: Comprising large landowners, wealthy businessmen, and members of urban oligarchies.
• Humiliores: Including modest peasants and city artisans.

Until the first century AD, only a minority of Roman and Italic settlers possessed full political and property rights.

Between the status of slaves and free men were the freedmen (liberti), who were slaves granted freedom but often remained dependent on their former master (patronus).

Architectural Legacy: Roman Public Works

One of Rome's primary legacies was the extensive construction of public works. These urban... Continue reading "Roman Society, Public Works, and the Romanization of Murcia" »

Quattrocento Painting Characteristics

The Quattrocento painting style is characterized by:

• Naturalism and realism with a great interest in the study of human anatomy.
• Greater freedom regarding rigid Gothic schemas.
• Use of the laws of perspective with the creation of a vanishing point toward which most lines of composition converge.
• Emphasis on drawing.
• Importance of using light planes to define and unify the environment.
• Panel paintings were still used as a support with tempera as the primary technique, but in the second half of the 15th century, oil on canvas began to be used.
• Religious themes remained prevalent in churches.
• Portraiture emerged as a consequence of the bourgeoisie's desire to be immortalized by leading painters.

Leading Quattrocento

Realism

Henri Beyle (Stendhal) - The Red and the Black

Honoré de Balzac - Père Goriot

Gustave Flaubert - Madame Bovary

Charles Dickens - David Copperfield

Benito Pérez Galdós: In his works, he aimed to reproduce the society of his time, encompassing all social classes. His novels can be classified as:

Thesis: Defends an idea through a Manichaean character.

Spanish-Contemporary: Reflect a corrupt world dominated by speculation.

Spiritualist: Proposes love as a solution to social problems.

Galdós aims to reflect reality in its totality.

Parnassianism

A French literary movement of the second half of the nineteenth century. It put forward the slogan of "art for art's sake," defended Greco-Roman mythology, and advocated discipline, awareness, and balance... Continue reading "19th and 20th Century Literary Movements: Realism to the Generation of '27" »

Cordoba's Mezquita: A Historical Overview

Origins and Patronage

The Mosque-Cathedral of Cordoba was not the work of a single author but evolved through alterations and extensions from the 8th to the 11th century. Its initial construction was commissioned by Emir Abd al-Rahman I.

Chronology

• Primitive Mosque: 786-788 AD

Location

Cordoba, Spain.

Architectural Description and Evolution

The Original Mosque (Abd al-Rahman I)

The initial mosque was built upon the remains of an ancient Christian church, St. Vincent's Basilica. It featured a square layout, divided into two distinct parts: half courtyard and half prayer hall. The prayer hall originally comprised eleven naves, with the qibla (direction of prayer) facing south. This southern orientation is characteristic... Continue reading "Cordoba's Mezquita: Islamic Architectural Masterpiece" »

Rosalia de Castro: Romanticism and Galician Rexurdimento

Romanticism, in its political dimension, involved the awakening of national consciousness. Two key examples were the Catalan Renaixença and the Galician Rexurdimento. While writers like Jacint Verdaguer, Bonaventura Carles Aribau, and others restored the status of Catalan culture and language, making it capable of polite literature, in Galicia, Rosalia de Castro and poets such as Manuel Curros Enríquez were instrumental in producing significant literary works in Galician. Manuel Murguía, Rosalia's husband, was an important historian of Galician heritage, and it is sometimes suggested that his prominence may have overshadowed Rosalia's own contributions to Galician culture. Rosalia de... Continue reading "Spanish Literary Heritage: From Rosalia de Castro to Cervantes" »

Theme 5: Post-War Literature

Characteristics of the Post-War Era

• General impoverishment
• Political regression and uniformity
• Censorship and exile
• Breaking with literary tradition
• Isolation of Portuguese culture

Cultural Institutions in Exile

Key institutions in exile, such as those in Argentina and Uruguay, preserved Portuguese cultural and political identity. These included:

• Publishing houses
• Newspapers
• Theater groups
• Literary associations

Notable authors and works from this period include Bl Love, Esmorga, Children Should Not Fall in Love, and Castelao. The Council of São Paulo functioned as a government in exile, sponsoring works like Otero Pedrayo's History in São Paulo.

Portuguese Literature Inside the Country

Two main groups of writers emerged:

• Those