Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Poetry in the Postwar Period

• Existential Poetry

  • Themes: Loneliness, anguish, love.
  • Authors: Luis Rosales (religious poetry), Luis Alonso (Sons of Life), Blas Otero (Angel Human Beast).

• Postismo

  • Author: Carlos Edmundo de Ory.
  • Vanguard characteristics: Playfulness, creative freedom.

• Cántico Group

  • Imitated the Generation of '27 (aesthetic perfection).
  • Authors: Pablo García Baena, Ricardo Molina.

Poetry of the 1960s

• Synthesis between existential poetry and social poetry.
• Poetic renewal.
• Authors: Claudio Rodríguez, Jaime Gil de Biedma, José Manuel Caballero Bonald.

Poetry of the Novísimos (Last Things)

• Anthology: Nueve novísimos poetas españoles by José María Castellet.
• Allusions to movies or comic books.
• Authors: Pere Gimferrer, Leopoldo María Panero.

Comprehensive Framework for Text Analysis

Understanding Textual Context

• Era and Literary Movement: Identify the historical period and literary movement.
• Setting and Author's Origin: Analyze the geographical and cultural context, and the author's background.

Analyzing Textual Elements and Style

• Forms of Discourse: Examine description, narration, dialogue, exposition, and argumentation.
• Text Type: Determine if the text is journalistic, literary, humanistic, scientific, or other.

Exploring Theme, Purpose, and Argumentation

• Theme and Treatment: Identify the main theme and how it is developed.
• Author's Intention and Text's Purpose: Understand what the author aims to achieve and the text's overall goal.
• Universality or Localism: Discuss whether the theme has

Latin Comedy

Latin comedy dramatists, influenced by Greek theater, adapted Greek stories and characters while incorporating Roman themes. Two prominent playwrights, Plautus and Terence, flourished during the third and second centuries BC.

Epic of America

Virgil's Aeneid narrates the mythical founding of Rome, attributing it to Aeneas, a Trojan hero who escapes Troy's destruction by the Greeks and lands in Latium. This epic draws inspiration from Homer. Virgil also contributed to pastoral poetry with his Eclogues and other works that would later be imitated.

Latin Lyric Poetry

Latin lyric poetry during the reign of Emperor Augustus boasts renowned figures like Virgil, Horace, and Ovid. Horace achieved his peak with Odes, where everyday life is transformed... Continue reading "Latin and Medieval Literature: Comedies, Epics, and Lyrics" »

Key Characteristics

• Formal Renewal: Poets employed a diverse lexicon, ranging from elevated, almost worshipful terms, to colloquialisms and innovative poetic expressions.
• Metrical Renewal: They sought a balance in their poems' metrics, blending traditional forms like the sonnet or romance with the use of blank verse and free verse, rather than complete freedom.
• Varied Themes: Their thematic scope was broad, encompassing love, death, fate, and other profound human experiences.

Literary Stages

• Avant-garde Influence: Initially, they were influenced by the European avant-garde, tending towards the ideal of pure poetry and seeking to eliminate overly human or sentimental elements from their works.
• Commitment: Later, they embraced feelings and engaged

Antonio Machado: A Biographical Sketch

Early Life and Education (1875-1902)

• Born in Seville in 1875 into an intellectual, progressive, and liberal family.
• At age 8, he moved to Madrid for 5 years of schooling, studying at the Institución Libre de Enseñanza.
• 1888: His brother Manuel inspired him towards theater and introduced him to a bohemian life.
• 1893: His father died. Two years later, his grandfather cut off financial support, leading to a halt in his formal studies.
• 1898: Witnessed the loss of Spain's colonies and the emergence of the Generation of '98.
• 1899: Traveled to Paris and Tours, making contact with contemporary poets, including Rubén Darío. He worked as a translator, and his brothers traveled with him from Madrid to Paris until 1902.

Valencia School Satirist
The Aristocrats: At the home of Berenguer Mercader, I attended Joan Rois de Corella, who cultivated a classic style of literature.
The Burguesos: Meeting at the home of Bernard Fenollar, they favored a more realistic literature and burlesque texts. They wrote collectively, using the fresh and colloquial language of the street.
The satirical works ridicule aspects of everyday life. They are dominated by expressive resources, such as wit, playful rhymes, double meanings, and allusions to the realities of the moment.
Among the most outstanding works are Lo Process of Olives (written by Fenollar, Gassull, and Moreno), a discussion about power reflecting sexual themes; Lo Dream of John John (by James Gassull), which describes... Continue reading "The Satirical Literature of Valencia: A Cultural Insight" »

If I had to define Hernandiana's poetry, we would call it "love poetry." Three injured Hernandiana themes are love, life, and death. The first is the one that wounds you more deeply and abundantly, causing your heart to bleed with passionate wounds. His love is manifested in his poetry in several phases and variants.

Early Expressions of Love

In his first book of poems, moons Proficient, the theme of love appears with a clear intention of a sexual nature. This is demonstrated by the eighth poem, "Sex and the Moment." The baroque Gongora style of these compositions does not prevent the discovery of the sexual connotations they contain. This sexuality is endowed with a certain mysticism in the compositions belonging to Perito on moons, where fruit... Continue reading "The Passionate Love Poetry of Hernandiana" »

Spanish Narrative Evolution in the 1960s

The 1960s combined various factors that determined a change of direction in the novel. On one side, Spanish society experienced a major transformation due to industrialization, tourism, and the easing of censorship. A depletion of the social novel occurred, leading to the emergence of new narrative patterns inspired by great foreign novelists. The social realism of the 1950s evolved into the structural novel. With the arrival of democracy, the novel abandoned earlier experimentalism to return to traditional storytelling, evolving in the 80s and 90s into a large variety of themes and neo-realism.

New Narrative Modes

The novel in the 60s did not abandon critical reflection on Spanish society, including broad... Continue reading "Evolution of the Spanish Novel Since the 1960s" »

Theater

Origins of Latino Theater

The first theatrical performances were very primitive: no written text, these were simply improvised. In some cases, the actors wore fixed masks. In all these representations, music, singing, and gesturing were very important. Livio Andronico arrived in Rome as a prisoner of war, wrote, and staged the first play in the Greek style. The Greek theater, in its two forms, tragedy and comedy, had already produced great works of art. Livio Andronico and his successors wrote their works imitating the Greek theater, translating Greek authors but adding elements such as gesture, more music, and sung parts...

Classification of Dramatic Works

The first and fundamental division is that of tragedy and comedy.

Tragedy

Tragedy... Continue reading "Latino Theater: Origins, Dramatic Works, and Key Authors" »

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer: Life, Works, and Context (1836–1870)

Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer (1836–1870) was a short-lived but intense writer. His works include the Legends (narrations combining costumbrismo prose, fantasy, and mystery) and the Rhymes (poems). The poems appeared sporadically while he lived (between 1857 and 1868), but his friends collected them for the first time in an edition of 1871, shortly after his death. Later, in 1914, another edition appeared, based on Bécquer's own handwritten manuscript, found within his Book of the Sparrows, containing 79 poems and a different arrangement.

Bécquer is situated at a moment of transition from Romanticism to Realism. His themes and sensibility often lead him to be considered a post-romantic