Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Noucentisme: A Cultural and Political Overview

Noucentisme was a cultural and political movement that began with the creation of Catalan Solidarity (1906) and ended with the coup d'état of 1923.

Key Figures of Noucentisme

Eugeni d'Ors

Eugeni d'Ors was a key ideologue of the movement. Born in Barcelona in 1881, he studied philosophy and letters. He wrote under the pseudonym 'Xenius'. After the death of Prat de la Riba, he resigned from his government positions. He then began to write in Spanish. He died in Vilanova i la Geltrú in 1954. One of his best-known genres was the 'glosa,' a short, daily article published in an intellectual voice, aiming to bring a certain gleam to the world. His most prestigious works include La ben plantada, which presents... Continue reading "Noucentisme: Catalan Cultural and Political Movement" »

Latin Colloquium

Dialogue: Family and Profession

- Is this your father in the village?
- No, my father is absent.

- Where is your father?
- He is a merchant and must navigate a large ship to Greece.

- My father is brave and not afraid of the sea. My father is also brave, but never sails; he always travels by foot or carriage.

- Why not visit your father?
- My father is a doctor in the city, not a merchant, and the city is not possible to navigate.

Vocabulary and Etymology

• Numquam: Never
• Absentem: Absent
• Antiquum: Very ancient / Old
• Pedem: Foot / Pedal
• Aqua: Water / Aquarium
• Quattuor: Four
• Capitalem: Capital / Flow
• Corpus: Corps / Corporal
• Rationem: Reason
• Latus: Lateral / Side

La Vía de la Plata

The route from Asturica Augusta (Astorga) to Emerita Augusta (Mérida)... Continue reading "Latin Language and Roman History in Hispania" »

Ancient River Valley Civilizations

Mesopotamian Civilization: Developed along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Egyptian Civilization: Developed along the Nile River. Chinese Civilization: Developed along the Huang He (Yellow) and Yangtze rivers.

Structure of Mesopotamian Society

The Privileged Class (Aristocracy)

This class was composed of the king and his family, along with the nobility, who owned most of the land.

• Priests: Performed religious rituals in the temples, where they lived. They also possessed lands and workshops.
• Officers: This group included the scribes, who knew how to read, write, and count.

Free Citizens

• Peasants: They cultivated the land surrounding the city belonging to the kings and temples, growing wheat, beans, and chickpeas.
• Craftsmen:

The Roman Empire: Origins

The Roman Empire was a territory conquered by the city of Rome. The River Tiber forms a meander near its mouth around seven hills. The Etruscans, a people from the center of Italy, conquered the seven hills in the 7^th century BC and turned the small villages into a real city: Rome. This is the origin of the Roman Empire.

The Etruscan Monarchy and the Birth of the Republic

In the beginning, Rome was ruled by seven kings. The last monarchs were Etruscans. The king was assisted by a Senate. Rome clashed with different Etruscan cities, which it defeated. The Romans threw out the Etruscan monarchs and established the Republic in 509 BC.

A Period of Conquest

The citizens met in assemblies called Comitia to pass laws and to elect... Continue reading "History of the Roman Empire: Republic to Decline" »

Bartomeu Rosselló-Pòrcel (1913–1938)

Literary Work

His poetry is short but dense. He adopted patterns of Baroque and Culterana poetry alongside classicizing elements. Key works include Nou Poemes (1933) and Quadern de Sonets (1934). Published posthumously was Imitació del Foc (1938).

Topics and Figures

His work features world competitions dominated by a game of opposites with a symbolic sense. He was clearly influenced by Baudelaire, and comparisons are drawn between him and the Angels (mediators between earth and heaven). There is an abundance of adjectivization, epithets, and superlatives. His metrics range from strict standards to free verse.

Literary Trends

• Early Period (Pre-1936): Investigation of pure poetry and a break with the Majorcan

Catullus: The Learned Poet of the Poetae Novi

A group of poets known as the Poetae Novi (New Poets) initiated a trend towards more refined poetic subjectivity, prosodic and metrical perfection, and more sensitive themes such as life, death, and love. Catullus (Gaius Valerius Catullus) is considered the foremost lyric poet of this movement.

Born into a wealthy family from Verona, Catullus possessed great intellect and was called doctus poeta (learned poet) for writing with singular mastery. He delved deeply into the Alexandrian Greek tradition. His surviving work comprises 116 poems, which are typically divided into three groups based on their meter and style:

1. Nugae (Trifles - Poems 1-60): These are shorter poems, primarily in hendecasyllables

Late Emergence of Castilian Prose

Prose creations appeared very late in Castilian literature. Early writings were brief annotations in the margins and romances interspersed within Latin texts. At that time, Latin was not understood by all and was translated. It was the language of the church, monasteries, schools, and universities, which for centuries were ecclesiastical centers radiating culture. This Latin culture, of religious inspiration, held itself apart from the Romance languages, contemptuously referring to them as 'romances'.

13th-Century Prose and Scientific Learning

The powerful influence of Arabic and Hebrew cultures, which had assimilated and retained much Greco-Latin knowledge, was significant. Royal support for cultural activities... Continue reading "Evolution of Castilian Prose: From Annotations to Literary Works" »

Realism and Naturalism in 19th-Century Literature

Realism

Realism, emerging in the mid-19th century, emphasized portraying everyday reality and social issues. Rooted in empiricism and positivism, this movement sought to objectively depict the world through observation and experimentation, often exploring social inequalities as highlighted by Marxism.

Naturalism, a related movement, delved into the darker aspects of society, applying a scientific lens to analyze social problems.

Characteristics of Realist Novels

• Focus on everyday reality and contemporary environments.
• Exploration of specific social and political conflicts of the time.
• Objective and critical portrayal of society.
• Presence of the author's opinions.
• Use of an omniscient narrator, revealing

Generation of '27:

The poets of the Generation of '27, who contributed to publications like La Gaceta Literaria and Revista de Occidente, employed elaborate language in their pursuit of "pure" intellectual poetry, devoid of sentimentality. They emphasized beauty, poetic play, metaphors, and other literary devices, making abundant use of imagery and visionary elements.

Key Figures:

• Luis Cernuda: Eclogue, Elegy and Ode, The Forbidden Pleasures, Where Oblivion Dwells, Desolation of the Imagination, Reality and Desire, Profile of the Air (first book of poetry).
• Pedro Salinas: Secure Chance, The Voice You Love, Due and Reasonable, All Things Clear, The Defender (essay).
• Jorge Guillén: Cántico (as a whole: chant, cry, and tribute).
• Vicente Aleixandre:

Renaissance Theater

Renaissance Theater is divided into public and popular audiences.

Renaissance Public Audience

Predominantly featured didactic, moral, or religious intentions. This category included:

• Court Theater: For persons dealing with Court themes, preferably secular. Notable figures include Juan del Encina and Torres Naharro.
• Humanistic Comedy: Translations of classical works were read in small groups. These reading groups developed in universities and colleges.
• Religious Theater: Religious representations were performed. They coincided with festivities in courts and churches.

Renaissance Popular Audience

The popular theater emerged in the sixteenth century under the influence of Italian companies that influenced Spain and introduced the so-... Continue reading "Spanish Renaissance and Baroque Theater" »