Regenerationism and Europeanization in Spain

Regenerationism, an ideology born in the 1860s, sought to modernize Spain. Joaquín Costa, a prominent figure, wrote extensively on politics, agriculture, history, and economics. Costa's efforts to modernize and Europeanize Spain involved importing social ideas, inventions, and improvements from Germany, France, and England. His most important book, Oligarchy and Despotism, critiques the political system:

• Oligarchy: Rule by a few who control the entire country.
• State Despotism: A corrupt electoral system where local bosses control the votes of their region.

Regenerationism sacrifices aesthetic beauty for practical purposes. Its aim is to revive Spanish society through the creation of new infrastructure... Continue reading "Spanish Literary Modernization: Regenerationism and the 1902 Novels" »

Medieval Prose

The Middle Ages saw the birth of prose in Castilian (until the 13th century, works were written in Latin).

The Toledo School of Translators was an important institution responsible for translating books into Castilian from Latin, Hebrew, and Arabic.

During the 14th century, prose took on a didactic intent, epitomized by Don Juan Manuel. His most famous work is The Count Lucanor (51 short stories), which follows this schema: The Count, the employer, has a servant who tells a story to his master each time he seeks practical advice on something.

• Topics: Varied teachings that share a common goal.
• Characters: Also very varied, including historical or real figures.
• Structure: They begin with the formulation of a question, which is answered

The Baroque Period: An Overview

The Baroque period represents a significant shift from Renaissance thought, transforming technical and stylistic approaches in the 16th century. Key characteristics include:

• Originality: A focus on creating a unique and impactful experience for the audience.
• Personal Wit: Artists displayed a highly individual and original style.
• Exaggeration: Works often featured exaggerated elements, sometimes making them difficult to understand.
• Disillusionment: Reflecting a sense of falsehood and disillusionment with the world.

Conceptismo

Conceptismo, with Quevedo as its most prominent figure, emphasized the meaning of words, aiming to convey much with few words.

Culteranismo

Culteranismo, exemplified by Góngora, focused on the exaggeration... Continue reading "Baroque Art and Literature: Key Characteristics & Figures" »

Spanish Narrative Since 1970: Democracy and Diversity

With the death of Franco in 1975, Spain experienced a regime change without violence. The Constitution of 1978 marked the full recognition of individual rights, freedoms, and the establishment of autonomous communities (comunidades autónomas).

Since 1970, novelists like Luis Goytisolo and Francisco Umbral extended the structural innovations of the narrative. The new stories focused the reader's attention on the protagonist's monologue, exemplified by authors such as Juan José Millás and José María Merino.

The narrative tradition continues to expand, featuring diverse voices. Authors like Arturo Pérez-Reverte combine adventure and chronicle, Enrique Vila-Matas explores experimental themes,... Continue reading "Spanish and Latin American Narrative: 1960s to Present" »

Post-War Spanish Poetry: 1950s to 1970s

The Shift to Social Poetry (Around 1950)

Around 1950, existential poetry began to evolve towards social poetry. The focus shifted from the individual expression of anguish to demonstrating solidarity with others.

Key Characteristics of Social Poetry

The topics covered were social issues affecting the community: injustice and solidarity. This period also saw a recovery of political reflections on Spain and Hispanic society.

The style adopted was simple, close to colloquial, sometimes prosaic, and highly expressive. It aimed to reach the vast majority of readers.

The most important social poets included Blas de Otero with his work I Pray for Peace and the Word, and Gabriel Celaya with his work Cantos Iberians.... Continue reading "Spanish Poetry Movements: 1950s Social Realism and Experimentalism" »

The Generation of '27

The Generation of '27 is a group of Spanish poets who gathered in 1927 to pay homage to Luis de Góngora on the tercentenary of his death.

Features:

• Re-addition of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer, whom these poets, along with Juan Ramón Jiménez, would recognize as a precursor to their "naked poetry."
• These poets recovered the Spanish folk tradition while also embracing the avant-garde.
• They felt the influence of early avant-garde movements like Ultraism and Creationism.
• Regarding metrics, they used traditional stanzas such as romances, ballads, sonnets, and silvas, and they can be considered initiators of free verse.
• There is also the classic footprint of Bécquer and Góngora.
• Their poetry is transcendent, human, and passionate.
• Their

Poetic Forms and Baroque Literary Devices

• Seventeenth-Century Metrics:
  • Italian hendecasyllables
  • Castilian octosyllables
  • Romances (with Baroque preferences)
• Literary Devices:
  • Metaphors
  • Paradoxes
  • Cultisms
  • Puns
  • Hyperbole

Culteranismo: The Góngora Style

A literary style characterized by:

• Extensive use of cultisms (words derived from Latin and Greek)
• Complex Latinate syntax (hyperbaton)
• Elaborate metaphors and hyperbole
• Frequent alliteration

Conceptismo: Wit and Intellectual Depth

A style focused on the ingenious association of ideas, featuring:

• Emphasis on ideas over words
• Rationalist lexicon
• Creation of unexpected compositions and word derivations
• Sharp metaphors, antithesis, and oxymoron

Luis de Góngora: Master of Culteranismo

Góngora's work is known for its:

• Pictorial

19th Century Spanish History

The Absolutist Period (Early 19th Century)

At the beginning of the century, French Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte and his army invaded Spain. The Spanish reacted, and Spain became the scene of the War of Independence, which ended with the expulsion of the French. During the war, the Constitution of 1812 was drafted in Cadiz. This caused confrontations between liberals and absolutists led by Ferdinand VII.

The Liberal Period

After the death of Ferdinand VII, liberals sided with his daughter Isabella, confronting those who supported King Ferdinand VII's brother Carlos, who favored absolutism. These clashes were called the Carlist Wars. The Liberals won, implementing reforms such as land redistribution and economic improvements.... Continue reading "19th Century Spain: History, Politics, and Romanticism" »

Key Avant-Garde Movements of the 20th Century

Futurism: Speed, Dynamism, and Technology

Founded by Marinetti, Futurism proclaimed a complete break with the past and tradition. It glorified war, magnified sport, speed, dynamism, technical inventions, and adventure, expressing a worship of the "I" and youth.

Literary Techniques of Futurism:

• Destruction of syntax (using the infinitive verb form as the only valid tense).
• Elimination of the adjective and the adverb.
• Abolition of punctuation and capitalization.
• Use of arithmetic signs and musical words.
• Emphasis on absolute freedom of expression.

Cubism: Intellectual Art and Literary Collage

Cubism was born as a pictorial art movement in Paris. It was an intellectual movement requesting the participation of... Continue reading "20th Century Avant-Garde Movements: Futurism to Surrealism" »

Spanish Theater in the Postwar Period

The postwar period affected theater much more than other genres. The economic crisis reduced theatrical productions, and censorship limited authors' creativity, prohibiting the display of certain works.

The loss or exile of great masters, like Lorca, Valle-Inclán, or Casona, significantly affected Spanish theater during this era. We distinguish three major trends:

• Bourgeois Theater
• Social Theater
• Experimental Theater

Bourgeois Theater

During the dictatorship, a commercial theater emerged, friendly in tone and intended for a bourgeois public seeking escapist comedy and entertainment.

It was a technically well-resolved theater which, due to censorship, took refuge in absurd humor and wit to develop a very mild criticism... Continue reading "Spanish Postwar Theater: Trends and Key Playwrights" »