Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Post-War Extremaduran Literature (1940s–1960s)

Álvarez Lencero underlines his commitment to the disadvantaged with markedly lyrical and somewhat transcendent verses.

In this post-conflict period, we must also mention a poet of national importance who developed his work away from Extremadura: José María Valverde (1926–1996). Although difficult to classify, some relate him to the Catholic poets of the Generation of '36 (Rosales, Panero, Vivanco), not only for his sincere religious attitude, apparent in Man and God (1945), but also for his peaceful lyrical nature.

Contemporary Spanish Theater: Manuel Martínez Mediero

The last years of the dictatorship coincided with the writing and premiere of plays by an author recognized as a key figure... Continue reading "Literary Movements and Key Authors in Extremadura (Post-War to Present)" »

The Literary Legacy of Federico García Lorca

Federico García Lorca's work covers two main aspects: poetry and drama. His entire body of work can be divided into three distinct chronological stages, characterized by evolving styles and themes:

1. Neopopulism (1921–1928)
2. Surrealism (1929–1932)
3. Equilibrium between Tradition and the Avant-Garde (1932–1936)

Stage 1: Neopopulism and Andalusian Culture (1921–1928)

In poetry, this stage assumes Andalusian popular culture and imitates the meter and style of traditional songs and ballads, in addition to flamenco. This trend is evident in works such as:

• Poem of the Cante Jondo (or Poema del cante flamenco)
• Gypsy Ballads (or Romancero Gitano)

During this same period, Lorca debuted in drama, recreating the... Continue reading "The Three Literary Stages of Federico García Lorca" »

Eugeni d'Ors: Glossari i Context

Eugeni d'Ors és considerat un precursor clau del Noucentisme i un dels majors intel·lectuals i conservadors de l'època. Burgès, va exaltar el nacionalisme català i va pertànyer a la Lliga Regionalista. Va passar de l'IEC a Madrid, després de ser expulsat el 1920, i s'hi va establir el 1923, allunyant-se de la cultura catalana.

Des del gener de 1906 fins al gener de 1920, Ors va escriure una secció diària a La Veu de Catalunya anomenada Glossari, que va reprendre poc després, i fins al juliol de 1921, al diari El Poble Català. Així, les glosses d'Ors es van convertir en la base ideològica del Noucentisme.

Les glosses d'Ors no són un nou gènere, periodisme inèdit a Catalunya, destinat a informar i... Continue reading "Eugeni d'Ors i el Noucentisme: Conceptes Clau" »

Modernist Poetry: Stylistic Trends and Influences

Modernism introduced various stylistic trends that especially affected the renewal of poetry, both in themes and in versification. These trends distanced themselves from the Romantic tradition, breaking away from its conventions. Key movements included Symbolism, Vitalism, and Espontaneisme. There was also a rapprochement with Mediterranean classicism, notably championed by Miquel Costa i Llobera and other members of the Mallorcan School.

Miquel Costa i Llobera's Lo pi de Formentor is a significant volume of poetry from this period. Around Joan Alcover's later work (1909), one finds sonnets often noted for their bleakness.

Symbolism in Modernist Poetry

The first translations of Verlaine and Maeterlinck... Continue reading "Catalan Poetic Movements: Modernism to Noucentisme" »

Spanish Literary Masterpieces: Analysis

La Celestina: Versions and Genre

La Celestina exists in two main versions:

• Comedy: 16 acts, first edition in Burgos (1499).
• Tragicomedy: 21 acts, first edition in Zaragoza (1509).

Genre and Influences

It is classified as drama, inspired by 14th-century Italian humanistic comedy. In Celestina, elements of humanistic comedy are evident, such as:

• Simple plot structure.
• Focus on lower-class interests.
• Emergence of complex characters.

Authorial Intent and Interpretations

Written between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, the work invites various critical readings:

• Christian Teaching: Critiques the destructive nature of Calisto's passionate love and its dire consequences.
• Judeo-Pessimist View: Suggests the author's converso

These four great Catalan chronicles are fundamental historical narratives detailing the reigns and achievements of the monarchs of the Crown of Aragon during the 13th and 14th centuries. These works provide invaluable insight into medieval politics, warfare, and culture.

The Book of James I (Llibre dels Fets)

This medieval narrative work (covering 1208–1276) is autobiographical. It begins with a brief family history of the monarch and quickly introduces his birth and early life. Key characteristics include:

• It exposes the initial difficulties of his reign.
• It narrates the major achievements, including the conquests of Mallorca, Valencia, and Murcia, and details the trip to Lyon.
• It does not hide the **human background** of the king.
• The narration

Miguel Hernández: A Poet of Justice and Social Values

Miguel Hernández (MH), from a humble family background (poet-pastor), held a unified conception of life and emerged as a "romantic" figure who desperately struggled for justice and freedom, defending humanity and social values. Viento del pueblo (1937) and El hombre acecha (1939) are the two most representative works of the poet's social and political life. These works reveal the man-poet and his will to transform society, his consciousness of collective responsibility, and his use of poetry as both a testimony and a denunciation of social injustice. They also express a self marked by a grim view of reality, shaped by the horror of war and the death of his child.

The Social Poetic Movement

Poetry of Antonio Machado

Created a poetry of intense emotion and great insight.

He created a poetry of intense emotion and great insight.

1.1 Conception and Poetic Themes

He defined poetry as the dialogue of a man with his time and said that poetic thought is intuitive, lived, and temporary. Time is one of his main themes; others (dreams, love) have a common root: concern with the temporal.

Dreams

Dreams — for him, the only way of knowing what the world is like. In them, boredom is the dominant emotional note. He dreamed of everything, including nature as a projection of the poet himself.

Love

Love — in his works there is little eroticism. In his more bitter poetry he incorporates references to the lack of love, caused by sadness and a sense that... Continue reading "Antonio Machado Poetry: Time, Dreams, Solitude and Spain" »

Pessimism and DESENGAÑO
The seventeenth century resurgent ideological and cultural aspects.
Emerges a new vision of the world even more desperate and desolate crud keeping with the historical and social reality experienced by the Spanish in the XVII century.
topics: "disappointment in political and social aspects
-The disappointment to the human spectator, i and cultural deologicas created by the Renaissance.
"Pessimism and doubt can be fought only with resignation.
obseion-the ime and the inexorable passage (tempus fuguit)
-contemplate the desolation of the ruined cities aniguas.
ur-the vanity of existence.
considered life-like a dream.
-the reality sentimieno a fragile and illusory
-the idea of the world locira
-the national decadendia.... Continue reading "Conception of education" »

Literary Foundations: Genres and Figures

Understanding Literature: Definition and Context

Literature is an art form that uses beautiful words as its tool. It is a historical product; every literary creation is the result of an author living in a specific time. Thus, a poem, a novel, or a play can only be fully understood if we know the historical circumstances in which they were composed, as they reflect the mentality and ideas of their era.

Classifications of Literary Works

• By Language: English Literature, French Literature, German Literature, Italian Literature, etc.
• By Nationality of Authors: Argentine Literature, Mexican Literature, Spanish Literature, etc.
• By Territorial or Cultural Origin: American Literature, etc.

The Multifaceted Purposes