Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Generation of '27: A Blend of Avant-Garde and Tradition

The Generation of '27 was a group of Spanish authors who mixed avant-garde elements with features of traditional Spanish poetry.

Characteristics:

• Formal renewal, using rich vocabulary
• Metric renovation, without metric freedom
• Varied subject matter

Key Authors:

• Pedro Salinas: His writing is a way of union with the absolute. The formal simplicity contrasts with the complexity of its meaning.
• Gerardo Diego: His poetry mixes tradition and renewal, avant-garde and traditional forms.
• Federico Garcia Lorca: His poetry blends the popular with the cult, inspiration with meticulous work. His work shows the frustration of man who cannot get what he wants. Notable works include "Poet in New York". He also

Social and Political Commitment

In Madrid, Miguel Hernández experienced the coup against the Second Republic. He solidified his socio-political stance by joining the Communist Party. This commitment crystallized in his works Wind Village and The Man Stalks. Hernández was passionately rooted in solidarity with humanity. His poetry leans more towards social commentary than political rhetoric. Inspired by the 'winds of the people,' he engaged in solidarity actions and spoke out against injustice and exploitation. Until the war broke out, he wasn't strictly a revolutionary poet. The ballad form became his vehicle to encourage the fight. As time progressed, his vision of reality grew starker.

Wind Village (1937)

Wind Village is a thematically unified... Continue reading "Miguel Hernández: Poet of Social Commitment and Despair" »

The Renaixença: Catalan Literary Rebirth in the 19th Century

The Renaixença was a broad Catalan cultural and ultimately political literary movement. Its promoters sought to recover cultured literary expression in the Catalan language, to define a distinct Catalan identity, and to incorporate some of the most significant trends of contemporary European literature, particularly Romanticism and Realism.

This movement had its precedents in scholarly studies of the 18th century, culminating in Josep Pau Ballot's Grammar and Apology of the Catalan Language in 1815. Its emergence is often associated with the publication of Bonaventura Carles Aribau's poem, Oda a la Pàtria, in 1833, which is usually regarded as the starting point of the Renaixença.... Continue reading "Catalan Literary Revival: From Renaixença to Modernisme" »

Ovid's Metamorphoses: Roman Epic and Mythology

The Life of Publius Ovidius Naso

Early Life and Poetic Career

Publius Ovidius Naso (43 BC-17 AD) was born in Sulmona, Central Italy, into a wealthy family of equestrian rank. While very young, he was sent to Rome to study eloquence. He then traveled to Athens, Asia Minor, and Sicily.

On his return to Rome, he was introduced into intellectual circles. He held various public offices but ultimately rejected politics to pursue poetry. He had a natural talent for writing poetry and achieved great success.

Exile by Emperor Augustus

Ovid's personal life and poetry led to his unfortunate sentence to banishment. In 8 AD, he was the subject of an accusation, and Emperor Augustus exiled him to Tomis. He had to... Continue reading "Ovid's Metamorphoses: Roman Epic, Mythology, and Legacy" »

Renaissance Humanism

Influences of the Renaissance: Humanism was a cultural movement that arose in Italy in the 14th century and extended throughout Europe until the finals of the sixteenth century.

Characteristics:

• Individual self-valuation.
• Affan for the physical and intellectual education of the youth.
• Reading and imitation of classical authors.
• Love for old books, especially original texts.
• Intimate religiosity.
• Aspiration to a clear and simple literary style without excessive expression.

Important Humanist Figures:

• Erasmus of Rotterdam (1469-1536): His travels led to a movement called Erasmianism, which had followers in Spain during the reign of Charles V.
• Petrarch (1304-1374): The Italian writer and poet most influenced the development of the Renaissance.

Renaissance Transformations in the Iberian Peninsula

During the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, profound changes occurred in the Iberian Peninsula, transforming our understanding of the world. The fifteenth century marked the transition from the Middle Ages to the Early Modern period. These transformations were political, economic, social, and cultural. In this century, a desire for knowledge of the classical world of Greece and Rome awakened, resulting in the stream of thought called Humanism.

La Celestina, written in the late fifteenth century by Fernando de Rojas, tells the love story that takes place in an unnamed city. The plot unfolds as follows:

1. Infatuation of Calisto: Calisto, a young knight, falls for the beautiful Melibea.
2. Appeal

Spanish Literary Movements: Realism

Realism: It was a new way of narrating that emerged in the mid-nineteenth century.

General Features of Realism

• Reflection of Life: Sought to reflect contemporary everyday life.
• Characters: The characters belong to the middle class (bourgeoisie), and the author usually delves into psychological aspects.
• Narrative Technique: The narrative technique generally presents an omniscient, third-person narrator.

Benito Pérez Galdós

Galdós is characterized by his openness to irrational elements, as well as by a sharp, Cervantine wit.

Narrative Techniques Used by Galdós

1. Frequent dialogues reflect the everyday speech of the time.
2. Use of free indirect style, which allows capturing the thoughts of the character in the third person.

1.4. Stages of Roman Conquest of the Peninsula

First Stage (218–206 BC)

During the Second Punic War, Rome was attacked in Italy by Hannibal. To cut off his supplies, a Roman army landed in Emporiae (Ampurias) and advanced southward along the coast, eventually taking Carthage and Cádiz. Rome occupied the entire Mediterranean area and the Ebro Valley, defeating Hannibal.

Second Stage (155–133 BC)

This period involved the Lusitanian Wars and Celtiberian conflicts. The inhabitants of the interior offered great resistance to the Romans, making the conquest very difficult and costly.

• The Lusitanian leader Viriato successfully employed guerrilla techniques until his assassination in 139 BC.
• Intense resistance also came from the Celtiberians; the siege

Juan Ramón Jiménez
The life and work of JRJ will form part of our Noucentisme Gde1914.
Your personality: he was egocentric and hypersensitive. He sought solitude, reflection, and a quiet life.
From a young age, he knew that his fate was indisputably linked to poetry, to the relentless pursuit of beauty and knowledge through words. JRJ always believed poetry was a minority genre due to the difficulty of language. His work is not as easy to read; its conceptual density grows and becomes inscrutable as it progresses.
Poetic Path
There are several Juan Ramón Jiménezs that correspond to different evolutionary phases of his writing.

1. The Sensitive Period (1986-1915)

Obsession with death inspired his best poetry; he tried to shoo it away with... Continue reading "The Life and Work of Juan Ramón Jiménez: A Poetic Journey" »

The Generation of '98: Themes and Style

In the early 20th century, Spanish narrative production, particularly the novel, was dominated by the novelists of the Generation of '98. They protested against the decadent customs of Spanish society and proposed a total renovation. Furthermore, they defended subjectivism, contrasting with the faithful reproduction of reality favored by 19th-century realist authors.

Predominant themes include:

• The 'Problem of Spain': focusing on the Castilian landscape, the history of the anonymous individual and daily life (what Unamuno called 'intra-history'), and literature itself. They admired medieval authors like Berceo and Manrique, and classics such as Góngora, Cervantes, and Larra.
• The Existential Issue: concern