Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Ausiàs March: Life and Legacy of the Valencian Poet

Biography and Personal Life

Ausiàs March was born in Valencia. After participating in military conflicts, he settled in Gandia, where he led a passionate life. He married Isabel Martorell but was widowed within a year and later remarried. March died on 3 March 1459, leaving four illegitimate children.

The Poetic Legacy of Ausiàs March

The poet's enduring fame stems from a profound and complex poetic output. This poetry is characterized by several key elements:

• Introspection and the rigorous analysis of feelings.
• Philosophical reflection on human nature.
• A dedicated choice of language that pushes the boundaries of poetic expression to transmit a complex inner world.

March composed 128 songs, which... Continue reading "Ausiàs March: Life, Poetic Cycles, and Literary Legacy" »

Key Definitions in Classical and Early Christian Art

Sculpture and Techniques

Seated (Sculpture)

A sculpture depicting a figure in a sitting pose. Example: Moses by Michelangelo.

Recumbent Figure (Sculpture)

A sculpture depicting a figure in a lying or reclining posture. Example: Reclining Christ (El Pardo) by Gregorio Fernández.

Tempera (Painting Technique)

A painting technique where colors are obtained by mixing pigments with egg or animal fat (binder).

Zoomorphic

Meaning "animal-shaped" or having the form of an animal.

Roman Architecture and Public Buildings

Amphitheater

A Roman public building used for holding shows and games, such as gladiator fights, naval battles, dramatic representations, or fierce struggles. It presents a circular or oval shape,... Continue reading "Essential Glossary of Roman Architecture and Art Terms" »

Federico García Lorca: Life and Legacy

Federico García Lorca was born in Granada (Fuente Vaqueros) in 1898. In 1919, he settled in the Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid, where he met and interacted with renowned authors such as Juan Ramón Jiménez, as well as artists and poets of his generation.

Theatrical Works and Rural Tragedies

Lorca began his dramatic career very young with The Curse of the Butterfly, but his first major success came with Mariana Pineda (1925), a verse play influenced by the modernism of Eduardo Marquina. However, it was from 1930 until his death that Lorca dedicated himself primarily to theater. The following themes unify his work during this period:

• The myth of impossible desire.
• The opposition between reality and desire.

Lyrical Poetry

Anthem

A composition expressing heightened feelings.

Ode

Similar to a national anthem but more personal.

Song

A composition of an amorous, vibrant, enthusiastic, and optimistic nature.

Satire

Censorship of faults or defects in a humorous and short manner.

Elegy

Expresses the pain produced by a death or other misfortune.

Popular Lyrical Poetry

• Song
• Joy (about a saint or holy person)
• Christmas Carol (Villancico)
• Corrandes (songs that accompany work)

Narrative

In Verse

• Epic: Heroic protagonists of noble lineage, told by the people.
• Songs of Feat: Of medieval origin, featuring popular characters.
• Heroic Poems: Short poems written by an author about a hero.
• Religious Poems: Poems with moral, philosophical, and religious themes.

In Prose

• Novels: Classified

Subject, Complement, and Attributes

Subject: Ask who? the VBO

Complement Direct (CD): What? Replaced by "what" the "of" the

Complement Indirect (CI): Who? For whom? Replaced "him, they"

Attribute: VBOs copulative replaced only by "what"

Complement Agent: Only passive sentences, and forever preposition subject active.

Circumstantial Complements

• Weather: When?
• Place: Where?
• Manner: How?
• Company: With whom?
• Aim: For what?
• Denial: Is not it?
• Affirmation: OK?
• Quantity: How much?
• Object: With whom?

Complement Predicative of the Verb (PVO)

Question how? is replaced by the CPNC or CD.

Charge

Always Function Preposition (any preposition).

Complement Regime

Verbs that always require a preposition.

Coordinate Clauses

It's that part of prayer that is the same as another bone... Continue reading "Analyzing Spanish Grammar and 20th Century Literary Movements" »

¡Hola! ¿Qué tal? Espero que bien. Qué bueno tenerte por aquí. Te dejo todo mi cariño, ¡mi azúcar con lima! ¡Olé, olé y olé! ¡Te quiero!

Follas Novas (1880): Second Book of Poems

This subject forms several different procedures and meaningful perspectives. The work stands out for its meter, its themes, and its structure.

Metrical Innovation and Themes

• Meter: Free verse is very innovative, since the author experiments with new metric combinations that anticipate the renovation carried out by the modernists years later.
• Themes: It is very often about two major themes developed in free verse: Portuguese society and the existential "I" of the author. It is a combination of intimate and social poetry, but one could also speak of a small group

Literary Terms Defined

Poem

Poem: the textual unit.

Verse

Verse: the unit of measure, rhythm, and rhyme.

Measure

Measure: takes into account the number of syllables.

Rhyme

Rhyme: the final sound matching two or more verses from the last vowel.

Rhythm

Rhythm: the right combination of stressed and unstressed syllables within the verse, which imparts musicality.

Stanza

Stanza: the unit formed by the combination of verses with no predetermined measure and a particular rhyme. Often lyrical.

Eglogue

Eglogue: contains the expression of the feeling of love put into the mouth of shepherds in the middle of idealized nature.

Elegy

Elegy: expresses the pain of death.

Ode

Ode: expresses feelings like love or sadness in many different shades.

Satire

Satire: censorship or critique,... Continue reading "Literary Terms, Concepts, and Devices Explained" »

Post-Civil War Spain

Repression and Exile

The Spanish Civil War concluded with overcrowded prisons filled with Republican political prisoners. Many Republicans, committed to the Republic, fled Spain through the Pyrenees, with an estimated 400,000 seeking refuge in France. Their return was complicated by the difficult situation France faced during World War II. Spanish emigration to the Americas also became a notable episode of the war. Expeditions of emigrants, including prominent writers and intellectuals, journeyed to Mexico. France also became a haven for Spanish exiles, while in Mexico, Republican activity resumed, with Republican courts convened as late as 1945 by the Republican government-in-exile.

Franco's Repression

Franco's dictatorship... Continue reading "Spanish Post-Civil War: Repression, Emigration, and Economic Hardship" »

Romanization: Involves the incorporation of all these peoples into the Latino cultural world, which resulted in the disappearance of their languages, as Latin imposed itself just as in other areas of Romania.
Romance languages: Different languages in Europe formed as a result of the fragmentation of Latin throughout the Middle Ages.
The Castilian: Originated in the realm of the Kingdom of Castilla. This conquered Kingdom of León and Aragon and thus extended its tongue by the 16th century. Many factors influenced the evolution of Castilian, including the unification of America and colonization. The final stabilization occurred in the 18th century when the Royal Spanish Academy was founded.
Bilingualism: Involves the use of two languages.
Dialect:

The Life and Death in the Poetry of Miguel Hernández

The life and work of Miguel Hernández are inseparable. His biography is a determining factor in his lyrical creation. His poetry goes through phases, beginning with a carefree life, whose destiny is configured by tragedy. His existence is marked by the dualism of life and death, a division mixed in Songbook of Ballads and Absences.

According to Jesús Christ Riquelme in his book, Miguel Hernández, life and death are joined in two ways:

• The existentialism of the philosopher Heidegger
• The sense of solidarity of the death-seed.

The poems of his teens have a natural optimism, where the poet sees things as if they were alive, "the stone threat." In this period, he identifies death with the arrival... Continue reading "Miguel Hernández: Life, Death, and Poetry's Dualism" »