Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

The activity of monks, focused on God and the destiny of man, significantly influenced the medieval theocentric worldview.

Feudalism: Social Hierarchy of the Middle Ages

The typical social organization of the Middle Ages was feudalism, a system based on the obligation of vassals to remain loyal to their lords in exchange for land.

• Nobility: Based its influence on economic, military, and political strength. It was divided into high and low nobility, and included knights and warriors.
• Clergy: Divided into high and low clergy. The former was composed of the Church hierarchy, and the latter by common clergy or popular groups.
• Commoners (Village Level): Characterized by the absence of privileges. They constituted the largest group in society, with most

Isabel Allende's Literary Style

On the literary plane, Isabel Allende's writing recreates a place and an era, allowing characters and story to emerge organically, without an initial plot plan. Several of her books have been born from letters and personal reflections; The House of the Spirits and Paula are prime examples of this. She composed Paula as a tribute to her daughter, indicating it is more a memoir than a biography. Humor is an integral part of her writings, whether journalistic or literary works. Allende attempted to reach young readers with The City of Beasts (2002), a book that allowed her a break and the freedom to capture their imagination in a new way.

The Post-Boom: New Latin American Narrative

Isabel Allende's work has been pigeonholed... Continue reading "Isabel Allende's Influence on Post-Boom Latin American Literature" »

Understanding Literature: Forms, Genres, and Historical Context

Literature is a profound form of artistic expression that utilizes oral or written language as its primary medium. It can be broadly categorized into two fundamental forms: verse and prose.

• Verse: In verse, the work is composed with the deliberate intention of creating rhythmic sensations, often through the repetition of elements like meter, rhyme, or specific sound patterns.
• Prose: In contrast, prose lacks a consistent rhythm or the systematic repetition of elements found in verse. It mirrors the natural flow of everyday speech and writing.

Literary Genres: Categorizing Artistic Expression

Literary genres are categories that allow us to group literary texts based on their common features,... Continue reading "Literature Forms, Genres, and Medieval Literary Periods" »

Camilo José Cela (1916-2002)

Born in Iria Flavia (La Coruña), Camilo José Cela was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1989. His first major success was La familia de Pascual Duarte. This novel exemplifies Tremendismo, a literary current characterized by gruesome arguments, violent scenes, and the use of rural language. La familia de Pascual Duarte is an autobiographical story, told in the first person, where the protagonist recounts his life and the various crimes that led to his death penalty from jail.

Cela's other notable works include Pabellón de reposo, a succession of monologues; Nuevas andanzas y desventuras de Lazarillo de Tormes, a work in the picaresque tradition; and Viaje a la Alcarria, a renowned travel book exploring several... Continue reading "Spanish Literary Giants: Post-War Authors and Their Masterpieces" »

Innovations in Spanish Renaissance Lyric Poetry

The new poetic canon not only renewed the themes but also the manner of expression. Compared to the medieval dodecasyllabic and octosyllabic meters characteristic of traditional songs, the Renaissance popularized the hendecasyllable, which became the most representative meter of learned poetry. The hendecasyllable was often combined with the seven-syllable form in poetic structures such as the lira, silvas, and estancias, all widely used in Renaissance lyric poetry, along with the tercet and quatrain.

Beautiful compositions were written by prominent figures like Garcilaso de la Vega, Fray Luis de León, and San Juan de la Cruz. Garcilaso notably incorporated the Castilian lira (7a 11B 7a 7b 11B)... Continue reading "Renaissance Spanish Lyric: Forms, Figures, and Spirituality" »

Carles Riba

Carles Riba was a prominent Catalan writer who collaborated with Eugenio d'Ors. He was known for his Greek and Latin translations and also contributed to the Catalan dictionary. He traveled extensively to expand his knowledge. His work encompassed poetry, translation, and criticism.

Riba's literary career can be divided into four stages:

• 1st stage: Personal expression and the search for personal identity.
• 2nd stage: Formal, chamber-like style.
• 3rd stage: Metaphysical and civilian themes.
• 4th stage: Religious poetry.

Josep M. de Sagarra

Josep M. de Sagarra became involved with the Noucentisme movement, although his works are not strictly within this style. He embraced various genres:

• Poetry: Including opera (works written in verse), epic

20th Century Spanish Literary Movements

Noucentisme: Intellectualism and Pure Art

In the second decade of the twentieth century, a group of writers emerged, characterized by their intellectualism, their eagerness for European culture, and their search for a 'pure art.' This literary current, which promoted its components in 1914, is known as Noucentisme. The main exponent of Noucentista poetry is Juan Ramón Jiménez.

Characteristics of the Noucentista Novel

The Noucentista novel features two main characteristics: lyrical descriptive passages and the presence of essayistic elements. It focuses less on action and more on the reflection and description of characters and their environments. Key figures include Gabriel Miró and Ramón Pérez de Ayala.... Continue reading "20th Century Spanish Literary Movements: From Noucentisme to Social Realism" »

Juan Ramón Jiménez: On the Path of Poetry

The poetry of Juan Ramón Jiménez, which spans until the mid-twentieth century, has undergone a profound evolution.

Early Works (Intimate or Sensitive Period)

The first stage is characterized by a feeling of melancholy. Aestheticism and decadence are present in his early works, such as Nympheas and Almas de Violeta (1900), with themes such as nostalgia, the presence of death, and the pursuit of something mysterious. Symbolism is evident in Arias Tristes (1903) and Jardines Lejanos (1904). Modernism influenced him after his return to Moguer. Notable works include: Las Hojas Verdes (1905), La Soledad Sonora (1911), Poesía Mágica y Doliente (1911), and Laberinto (1913).

The Change (Intellectual Era)

Two... Continue reading "Evolution of Juan Ramón Jiménez's and Antonio Machado's Poetry" »

Literature Manuscripts

• Cotton Vitellius: Beowulf, Judith, 3 prose poems
• Junius Manuscript: Genesis, Exodus, Daniel, Christ and Satan
• Exeter Book: Christ, Juliana, The Wanderer, The Seafarer, Widsith, Deor, and other short pieces
• Vercelli Book: Andreas, The Fates of the Apostles, Address of the Soul to the Body, The Dream of the Rood, Elene

These four manuscripts contain approximately 30,000 lines of poetry, along with prose translations, religious instruction, and historical records. The Cotton Vitellius is in the British Museum, London. The Junius Manuscript is in the Bodleian Library, Oxford. The Exeter Book is in Exeter Cathedral. The Vercelli Book is in the Library of Vercelli Cathedral, Northern Italy.

Heroic Poetry

Heroic poetry connects us... Continue reading "Anglo-Saxon Literature: Manuscripts and Heroic Poetry" »

Evolutionary Theories

From Fixism to Darwinism

Understanding the origin and evolution of species is essential to understanding their characteristics and behavior. Historically, two main theories have attempted to explain the diversity of life: fixism and evolutionism.

Fixism

Fixism, proposed by Georges Cuvier (1769-1832), posits that all species are independent and have remained unchanged since their creation.

Evolutionism

Evolutionism, in contrast, suggests that the universe and life, in all their manifestations, are the product of development. The diversity of species is the result of change and adaptation over time. The concept of evolutionism began to take shape in the 19th century, with its roots in the 18th-century theory of transformism, timidly... Continue reading "Darwin and the Evolution of Species: A Comprehensive Look" »