Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Petrarchism and its Influence

Petrarch's songs had a huge significance and a decisive influence on later lyrics, both for their subjects and their forms, to the point of constituting an entire style or way of making poetry that is called Petrarchism.

Spanish Poetry in the 15th and 16th Centuries

In the 15th century, there was both learned poetry and folk poetry. A good example of the first is court poetry and songs, which mainly used octosyllables. In the 16th century, both types of poetry continued. Learned poetry was influenced by the popular song.

Features of Italian Poetry in Spanish Literature

• Complete and thorough metric renovation in Spanish poetry.
• Major innovation: the hendecasyllable.
• Idealization of the beloved and intense expression of

The House of Bernarda Alba: Poetic Symbolism and Social Commentary

Symbolic Level

This book demonstrates the author's ability to combine traditional and avant-garde aesthetics through a very personal take on theater. The House of Bernarda Alba is full of symbolic elements:

• Proper names have symbolic meaning. For example, "Magdalena" suggests a tendency to mourn and suffer martyrdom; "Angustias" evokes anguish, hatred, and envy; "Adela" represents a noble character eager for liberty. Several characters have no proper name and are referred to by their social role or personal characteristics, such as "Mendiga" (beggar woman) and "Muchacha" (girl).
• Characters are accompanied by objects that represent their aspirations or function. For instance, Bernarda'

Contemporary Poetry: 1975 to the Present

The 1980s and 1990s

Since the early 1980s, the prevailing aesthetics of the 1970s continued. The work of promoting poets from the 1960s continued, experiencing a stage of artistic fulfillment in book publishing. Different trends developed, among them, realistic poetry. The 1980s saw a recovery of the importance of poetic commitment and humor. Irrelevant matters of everyday life, contemporary, and urban realities appeared. The poetry of experience was the mainstream trend until the mid-1990s. There is great diversity of traits among the poets included in this trend, but we may cite the following general characteristics:

• Emphasis on the fictitious nature of the poem and the individual's experiences and visions

Miguel Hernández (1910-1942)

Four stages are established in his poetry:

• a) A stage characterized by Baroque-tone poetry.
• b) In 1936, he published "El rayo que no cesa" ("The Unending Lightning").
• c) During the war, a battle poetry that seeks to serve the Republican cause and published "Viento del pueblo" ("Wind of the People"). These are poems that mourn the death of Lorca. Miguel Hernández: "Man is a hunter."
• d) Naked and deep poetry.

1940s: Poetry and Literary Magazines

Poetry developed around three magazines: "Escorial," "Garcilaso," and "Espadaña."

• "Escorial": Poets of the Generation of '36 met, opting for intimate poetry with traditional lyrical themes: love, death, land, and landscape.
• "Garcilaso": Officially supported the Franco regime, consolidating

The Religious Lyric: Fray Luis, San Juan, and Santa Teresa

Two Schools of Thought

School of Salamanca: Focused on religious, moral, and philosophical issues, with a clear and simple style. Content is prioritized over form. Fray Luis de Leon is its primary representative.

Seville School: Characterized by a rhetorical style full of literary devices. Form is prioritized over content. The chief representative is Fernando de Herrera, who was in love with Leonor de Milan (platonic). Juan de Mal Lara influenced Fernando de Herrera.

Fray Luis de Leon

Fray Luis de Leon was closely linked to Salamanca, where he taught at the University. In his poems, he learned to synthesize the essence of the Christian Renaissance. His poetry is not extensive. The central... Continue reading "Religious Lyric Poetry: Fray Luis, San Juan, Santa Teresa" »

Roman Monarchy and the 509 BC Transition to Republic

Foundation of Rome (753 BC)

In the 8th century BC, Rome began as a farming community on the seven hills by the Tiber River. It evolved under Etruscan and Greek influence but was not initially a unified state. Rome was formally founded on April 21, 753 BC, uniting Latin and Sabine communities under Etruscan dominance, with the legendary King Romulus. This foundation was a deliberate political act, establishing the Populus Romanus Quirites (the body of Roman citizens).

Structure of the Roman Monarchy

The King (Rex)

Under the monarchy, the king (rex) reigned with the perceived approval of the gods. He served as the supreme leader, warrior, priest, and judge. The basis of his reign was authority and... Continue reading "Roman Monarchy to Republic: The 509 BC Patrician Shift" »

Authority vs. Desire for Freedom

The central theme of the play is the clash between authority, represented by Bernarda, and the desire for freedom, embodied by Maria Josefa and Adela. Beneath this lies the exploration of human relations and the social conflict they generate. Bernarda, as the head of the family, attempts to enforce her strict standards, while Adela, her daughter, and Maria Josefa, her mother, try to rebel against them.

Sensual Love and Pursuit of Men

Bernarda prevents men from approaching her daughters, deeming them unsuitable for their class. The emergence of Pepe el Romano ignites the passions of these women who long to marry to escape their mother's tyranny. Martirio desires Pepe, Angustias is to marry him, and Adela maintains... Continue reading "Themes in Bernarda Alba's House" »

Modernism: A Will for Change

In the late nineteenth century, dissatisfaction arose among young people. That desire for change presented two options: Modernism or the Generation of '98.

French Influences

• Parnassianism

  The name comes from the title of an anthology published by a diverse group of poets. These authors advocated the concept of "art for art's sake."

• Symbolism

  It sought to reflect feelings and emotions.

• Impressionism

  In literature, the style presents terms of commonality through a succession of isolated observations.

Modernism: Primacy of Beauty

• The Lexicon

  Employs types of words that bring beauty and strangeness.

• The Metric

  Renews traditional forms; unusual lines are used.

• The Style

  It is clear in newspaper articles and novels.

• Scenarios

  They are

Lyric Genre

The lyric genre is characterized by the subjective attitude of the issuer; it expresses personal feelings. It may occur in verse or prose, although its most frequent manifestation is in poetry (verse).

• Satire: A lyrical composition, in verse or prose, that censors individual or collective vices.
• Eclogue: A poetic composition of love feelings and exaltation of nature, placed in the mouths of shepherds.
• Elegy: A poetic composition expressing feelings of grief at individual or collective misfortune.
• Sonnet: A composition consisting of two quartets and two triplets with rhyme and verse, generically heroic verse.
• Song: Expresses emotions, usually of the lovely type.
• Lyrical Romance: A poem composed of an indefinite number of eight-syllable

Juan Ramon Jimenez: A Journey Through Poetic Evolution

"Pure poetry rejects the narrative, personal, and circumstantial, and finds the essence of reality through the idea of the naked word." - Juan Ramon Jimenez (VRBS pks)

Jimenez utilizes a simple syntax with short, often truncated, exclamatory, and interrogative sentences.

Sensitive Stage 1 (Until 1916)

This stage includes the writing of his most important books, such as Jardines Lejanos (1904), Elegias (1908), and Baladas de Primavera (1910). Also included in this stage is Platero y yo (1914), and Estio (1915). During this period, Jimenez embraces Modernist sounds, as seen in Sonetos Espirituales (1915). Typical themes of Modernism, such as beauty and love, are treated personally. The tone is... Continue reading "Juan Ramon Jimenez & Ramon Gomez de la Serna: Spanish Literature" »