Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Latin

Luis de Góngora

Along with the popular tradition, classical or Petrarchan, Góngora created the most innovative poetic language of the time. His difficult and minority-focused production led to both rejection and fiery polemics, as well as admiration and followers among his readers.

Poetry

Minor art and poetry of Petrarchan poetry:

• Minor Art: Letrillas, romances, and, above all, satirical and burlesque works.
• Sonnets: Themes of love and encouragement to enjoy life in the Petrarchan line, although amended by the consciousness of time. Others are comical, and a third group deals with disappointment and the transience of life.
• Major Poems: Fable of Polyphemus and Galatea, and Solitudes. Polyphemus is based on the version offered by Ovid. Its main

Spanish Theatre: 1940 to Present Day

Theatre in Exile

Key playwrights writing outside of Spain during this period include:

• Max Aub
• Alejandro Casona

The 1940s: Evasion and Humor

The theatre of humor during this decade was notably innovative. Miguel Mihura's Three Top Hats is a comedy satirizing the routine and mediocrity of the provincial bourgeoisie and the equally miserable vaudeville life.

The 1950s: Existential and Social Drama

Realistic theatre attempted to renew the Spanish stage and demonstrate opposition to the dictatorship. Works raised issues such as social injustice, exploitation, the lives of the middle and lower classes, and the human condition of the downtrodden and marginalized.

Prominent authors include:

• Alfonso Sastre
• Lauro Olmo
• Antonio

Popular Lyric Poetry

Characteristics

• Oral transmission
• Use of verse
• Theocentricism: The doctrine that God and religious life should be the center of all human concerns.
• Anonymous authors
• Didactic and moralizing purpose

Jarchas

These short poems have irregular syllabic measure and abundant parallelism. The protagonist is typically a young woman lamenting the absence or infidelity of her lover.

Mio Cid

Song of Exile

King Alfonso VI banishes Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, El Cid, who leaves with his friends and vassals. The Cid and his followers fight the Moors, winning the battle of Alcocer. The first song ends with the Count's release, ashamed of his defeat.

Wedding Song

El Cid conquers Valencia after a two-year siege. A new victory against the Emir of Morocco... Continue reading "Exploring Medieval Spanish Literature" »

Postwar Spanish Theater

The Mester de Clerecía

A new poetic trend emerged in the thirteenth century, aiming to educate about Christian life and culture. This movement is known as the Mester de Clerecía (Ministry of Clergymen).

Leading representatives of this trend were Gonzalo de Berceo and Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita.

Gonzalo de Berceo

Gonzalo de Berceo was the first writer in the Spanish language whose name we know. His most important work is The Miracles of Our Lady (Milagros de Nuestra Señora), which contains 25 short narrative poems (miracles).

Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita

Juan Ruiz, Archpriest of Hita's most important work is The Book of Good Love (Libro de buen amor). It belongs to a time of transition between the Middle Ages and the Renaissance.

Features of

The Experimental Novel (1960-1970)

Time of Silence by Luis Martín Santos (1962), marks the end of social realism and the beginning of a total renovation of the novel. From this point on, authors became increasingly concerned with formal aspects, leading to a renewal of narrative techniques. For the first time in Spain, novelists turned their attention to the innovations that the genre had experienced worldwide since the beginning of the century. The Latin American narrative, formally much more innovative than ours, experienced its famous "boom" with works like: The City and the Dogs (1962) by Mario Vargas Llosa, Hopscotch by Julio Cortázar, and One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) by Gabriel García Márquez.

Some of the most relevant titles... Continue reading "Spanish Novel Evolution: 1960s to Present" »

Celestina: A Masterpiece of Spanish Literature

Celestina is a masterpiece of literature, written in the late fifteenth century and achieving success in the sixteenth century.

Authorship

The authorship is a subject of debate. The accepted theory suggests two authors. One author wrote the first act, and Fernando de Rojas wrote the rest.

Title Variations

Early editions were titled Calisto and Melibea, but in the sixteenth century, the title changed to Tragicomedy of Callisto and Melibea.

Plot Summary

Callisto, a nobleman, encounters Melibea and becomes infatuated, but she rejects him. Callisto, through his servants, employs a procuress named Celestina. Through her deceptions and spells, Celestina changes Melibea's feelings. Celestina secures her commission... Continue reading "Celestina: Love, Tragedy, and Social Commentary" »

Archpriest Juan Ruiz de Hita and The Book of Good Love

The Book of Good Love is the most important work of the mester de clerecía of the 14th century. The author is known only by what he says in his work, Juan Ruiz, the Archpriest of Hita.

The Book of Good Love refers to the theme of love, both divine and worldly.

Structure

The Book of Good Love begins with a prologue that explains the intent of the work: to warn about the dangers of love.

Style

It is written mostly in cuaderna vía, except for the lyric poems, which are written in short verses.

Alfonso X: Promoting Castilian Spanish

Alfonso X promoted the use of Castilian as a common language between Christians, Jews, and Arabs.

Topics

Alfonso X aimed to record everything of political, social, economic,... Continue reading "Medieval Spanish Literature: Ruiz, Alfonso X & Manuel" »

Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol (1884-1970)

Early Life and Career

Josep Carner i Puig-Oriol, born in Barcelona on February 9, 1884, was a prominent Catalan poet, journalist, playwright, and translator. He became a leading figure of the Noucentisme movement. In 1897, he entered the University of Barcelona, where he discovered Catalan literature and graduated in Law and Philosophy. Carner worked for several publications, including Montserrat and Atlantis, and led Catalunya (1903-1905), Emporis (1907-1908), and Catalonia (1913-1914). In 1911, he was appointed a member of the Philological Section of the Institute of Catalan Studies, contributing to the enrichment of the Catalan language.

Journalism and Family

In the early 20th century, Carner joined La Veu

16th-Century Spanish Literature: Key Trends

Two main narrative trends emerged in 16th-century Castilian literature: idealistic and realistic novels. Idealistic narratives, such as sentimental novels and books of chivalry, initially triumphed. However, other forms appeared, including Moorish romances and the picaresque novel, known for its intense realism.

The Idealistic Novel

Several types of idealistic novels gained popularity:

• Novel of Chivalry: Set in the Middle Ages, featuring a knight as the protagonist (an epic hero).
• Pastoral Novel: Love stories between shepherds in a bucolic setting.
• Byzantine Novel: Adventures of a pair of high-born lovers.
• Moorish Novel: Action set in the Muslim world.

Lazarillo de Tormes: A Picaresque Masterpiece

The picaresque... Continue reading "16th-Century Spanish Literature: Trends & Context" »