Notes, summaries, assignments, exams, and problems for Language

Identity and Organization

Evaluating Study Techniques

Evaluate the domain level the student has achieved in study techniques.

Life and Career Plan

Promotes self-evaluation of one's life purpose and finding meaning in life.

Life in its Fullness

Begins when one defines what they truly want.

Time

Time is divided into three parts: past, present, and future.

Personal Diagnosis

Is essential to start good life planning.

Abraham H. Maslow

Maslow said psychology shouldn't just cure illness, but also promote self-help. He identified two types of needs: 1. Deficit needs (bodily needs) and 2. Development needs (the more they are satisfied, the greater they become).

Universal Values

Love and justice are universal values.

Decision-Making Criteria

Proposed criteria to guide... Continue reading "Mastering Study Techniques and Life Planning" »

Metaphor

A metaphor identifies a word with another, replacing an idea with a more expressive one. If a comparison uses a comparative link (such as "like" or "as"), it becomes a metaphor.

• The cypress is a water fountain.
• The sigh escaping from your strawberry mouth. (Strawberry = red and sweet.)

Sometimes, the actual term of the metaphor appears; this is a pure metaphor.

• The sweet mouth that invites you to taste a joke among distilled pearls...

"Pearls" is a metaphor for "teeth".

Antithesis

Antithesis relates two words that oppose each other.

• Sleep was yesterday; tomorrow is land!
• Shortly before, nothing, and shortly after, smoke!

It was - is, sleep - land, yesterday - morning, shortly before - shortly after. Opposing words are used to attract attention.... Continue reading "Literary Devices: Metaphor, Antithesis, Personification" »

Understanding Information Gathering Techniques

Interviews: A Core Data Collection Method

An interview is a structured meeting between two or more individuals, primarily for gathering information. Various types of interviews exist, each serving a distinct purpose:

• Journalistic Interview: For news and reporting.
• TV Interview: Broadcast discussions.
• Clinical Interview: Used in healthcare for diagnosis and assessment.
• Job Interview: For evaluating candidates for employment.

Observation: Verifying and Deepening Insights

Observation is a crucial method for gathering information, often employed after an initial technique to obtain more detailed insights about system participants and to verify previously collected data.

Observing Organizational Decision-Makers

This... Continue reading "Information Gathering for Systems Analysis" »

Vocabulary and Text Properties

Statements

Clusters of words uttered in a tone different from prayer because they have a subject-predicate structure. For example, "Help!" is a statement.

Text

A linguistic unit that is maximum, is formed by the same content, has the same purpose, and its parts are linked. Texts can have only one word.

Cohesion

A property of texts that adjusts to the circumstances of the communication (the receiver, the location, channel, etc.). It is also the piece of text that consists of all statements that are related by linguistic mechanisms that favor the union.

Consistency

The property of the text that creates a union between the statements they contain and is assumed by thematic unity: they all speak the same logical arrangement... Continue reading "Understanding Text Properties and Types of Speech" »

Family and Childhood

Marshall Mathers, known professionally as Eminem, developed a strong bond with his grandmother, Betty Kresin. His relationship with his mother, Debbie Mathers, was a constant source of conflict. Debbie accused him of lying and drug addiction, and blamed his frequent relocations on her inability to find steady work. Meanwhile, Betty told the BBC that she "spoiled" her grandson, who did not leave home until he was twenty years old.

Eminem has a fifteen-year-younger brother, Nathan. He was also close friends from childhood with his uncle, Ronnie Polkingharn, who was the same age as him. In the early nineties, Ronnie, who suffered from depression, committed suicide. This incident caused a final rupture in Marshall's relationship... Continue reading "Eminem's Early Life and Career: From Detroit to Stardom" »

Lazarillo de Tormes: An Introduction

Lazarillo de Tormes was first published in 1554. Its author is unknown. The work consists of a prologue and seven parts, or treaties.

Structure and Narrative

It tells the story of a poor boy who, from various hardships, spends his childhood serving different masters.

The last of the treaties is a letter-response that explains a case: the talk about Lázaro's relationships with women and the Archpriest of San Salvador.

Lázaro's Experiences and Survival

The six other treaties can be divided into two parts:

• The three most extensive first parts show Lázaro learning in adversity.
• In the other three, Lázaro starts to improve his living standards. He has learned enough to survive, which explains his consent to his wife'

Linguistic Connectors: Classification and Usage

Additives

• Continuative: and, also, even, including cough, moreover, still, too.
• Distributive: neither... nor, or, on the other hand, some... others.
• Order: to start, until now, check before, at this moment, now, now that, where, until then, finally, in short, in fact, generally.

Contrastive Connectors

• Concessive: even that, although, much by little, all that, though.
• Adversative: but, however, on the contrary, that and everything.

Disjunctive Connectors

• Reformulation: or, well, either, that is, in effect, by the way.
• Exemplification: for example, and as such, in short.

Consecutive and Comparative Connectors

• Causal: because, since, to.
• Consecutive: therefore, so that, then.
• Conditionals: if, if, unless, whereas,

Nouns

Definition: A noun is a grammatical category that represents things belonging to a class. It designates realities conceived as existing or potential entities, not qualities applicable to other entities. Nouns have inherent gender and can function alone or with a determiner, often as the subject of a sentence. A noun consists of a root (lexeme), morphemes of gender (masculine/feminine), and morphemes of number (singular/plural).

Classifications

Philosophical:

• Abstract: Not tangible realities, not appreciated by the senses.
• Concrete: Realities that materialize.

Semantic:

• Individual
• Collective
• Common
• Proper
• Animate
• Inanimate
• Countable
• Uncountable

Grammatical Gender:

• Heteroclitic: Different lexical roots for gender variations.
• Ambiguous: Undefined grammatical

ITEM 9: THE SYSTEM OF LANGUAGE I

1 - What is Grammatical Competence and its Application in Education?

Communicative competence (speaking, reading, listening, and writing) encompasses various skills, including grammatical competence. Grammatical competence is not just about the rules of a language but also the practical application and strategies for learning. Canale (1985) defines four dimensions of communicative competence: grammatical, sociolinguistic, discursive, and strategic/pragmatic.

Components of Grammatical Competence:

Here's a summary of the components:

1. Phonology: Pronunciation aspects like elisions, speed, intonation, and emphatic contrasts.
2. Spelling: Conventions of writing, including spelling, segmentation, and punctuation.
3. Vocabulary:

Topic Relevance and Reader Engagement

Assess whether the commentary's topic is current and its main subject. Include references to the text. Consider if the text's ideas resonate with and involve the reader.

Formal Aspects and Exposition

Evaluate if the reader feels involved in the text and understands the topic and thesis firsthand. Elaborate on this point. Subsequently, consider:

Content Structure and Coherence

A well-structured content clearly presents the central idea and its various aspects, reiterating them throughout the text. This confers coherence and cohesion among the text's parts.

Author's Voice and Argumentation

Identifying the Thesis and Author's Opinion

The author's opinion typically constitutes the thesis.

Objectivity vs. Subjectivity

• Objectivity: